Mysterious Historious

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There's nothing more authentic

to learning about history

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than discovering the mysteries

that lie within it.

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To me, mysteries are the best part.

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What is the fun of knowing everything,

right?

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Today we're going to be going through

some of the most interesting

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and infuriating mysteries that decorate

the ever evolving landscape of history

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at people, events,

circumstances, and buildings that eluded

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a conventional narrative and leaves us

with an ever burning desire to answer

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what happened on another episode

of The Remedial Scholar.

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That's ancient history.

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History.

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I feel I was denied credit.

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Critically critical

need to know information

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belongs to simply

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stop sticking you me medium last class

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welcome one and all

step right up and claim your prize.

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What is it you ask? What is it?

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It is another episode

of the Rachel Scholar.

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I am your host. Levi and I think.

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Thank you for joining me today

for your new.

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Thank you for joining us.

What's your shoe size?

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I'm excited for the episode today.

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I love these list type

episodes that I've been doing.

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You know, the the experiments episodes and

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the hoaxes, you know,

which couple of those dashed in here.

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And a couple people from

those episodes are also sitting here.

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So I'm kind of excited.

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Just these episodes,

these types of episodes are very fun for

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me and I'm not sure why, but maybe it's

because of like a total info dump

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and that really scratches,

you know, my ADHD very nicely

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or we get too far along some business

to attend to.

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Thank you for the continued ratings

and reviews with all the places possible.

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It's an excellent way

to let other people know that

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people listen to the show

and that they enjoy it.

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So if those descriptions fit,

you go to your nearest podcast

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listening method and drop a review

if you are able.

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If not, please just share us on Facebook

or on whatever social media

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you use as to your insta stories,

share some Twitter recs or whatever

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you want to call it.

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Lastly, before the mysteries, we of course

have to mention the merchant stickers.

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Email me at remedial scholar

at gmail, the comp for info and stickers.

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Beyond that, let's get into it.

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History wouldn't be itself

if there were no questions to ask.

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If every fine was conclusive and gave

the researchers every answer they needed.

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There are questions

constantly derived from everyday life now

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expand that across centuries and take away

pieces of them here and there.

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And you have yourself a hotbed

for some really great mysteries.

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Today I'm going to be talking

about a wide range of different mysteries.

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Hopefully some you haven't heard,

but of course there will be quite a few

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you have, I'm assuming.

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I think this is also a good jumping off

point for future episodes

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regarding some of the subject matter here.

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So if you hear a story,

you want to hear more of sound off

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in the Facebook or YouTube comments

of the topics broken up into sections

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biggest mysteries of the last century,

missing people and unsolved crimes,

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historical and ancient places,

and then missing historical graves.

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And then lastly, Angel objects.

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So with that moving into the first group,

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the biggest mysteries

in the last 100 years on a fateful day,

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November 24th, would be anniversaries.

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Coming up,: 1971

operating under the alias

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Dan Cooper, later

commonly referred to as D.B.

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Cooper, orchestrated a daring hijack

the Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305.

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This commercial flight,

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a Boeing 727, was in route from Portland

to Seattle when Cooper seized the control.

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The aircraft setting in motion

a sequence of events that would baffle

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investigators and capture the public's

imagination for decades to come.

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In a calm, yet

deliberate manner, Cooper handed a note

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to a flight attendant revealing his claim

to have a bomb on board.

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Funnily enough,

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she was not actually paying attention

to the note

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and being a flight attendant

in the early seventies, She had been given

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plenty of notes by plenty of men in suits,

and he had to reassure her

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that she was going to want to read it.

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So I always found that detail

kind of funny.

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His demands were as calculated

as they were

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unusual $200,000 in cash, cash,

four pair of shoes

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and a sealed truck awaiting the aircraft's

arrival in Seattle.

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The gravity of the situation prompted

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the authorities to comply with Cooper's

demands, leading to the release

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of 36 passengers at the Seattle-Tacoma

International Airport.

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In exchange for the hostages,

Freedom Cooper acquired the ransom

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and the parachutes that would play a

crucial role in his audacious escape plan.

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As the remaining crew members

and the enigmatic hijacker

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sought to disguise, Cooper

directed the plane towards Mexico City.

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Maintaining a low

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altitude was over the rugged expanse

of the southwestern Washington state.

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It is suspected that he executed a daring

maneuver, opening the rear stairway

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and parachuting out into the night

with his ill gotten gains in tow.

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Despite an extensive

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and determined search effort, Cooper's

whereabouts became an enduring enigma.

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The money he spirited away

has never been fully recovered, adding

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another layer of mystique

to the already puzzling case.

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In the wake of Cooper's disappearance,

a myriad of speculation

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and theories emerged, weaving a tapestry

of possibilities around his fate.

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Some speculate that he met his demise

during the perilous parachute jump.

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It was nighttime and stormy out,

so that makes sense.

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While others entertained the notion

that he masterfully eluded capture,

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assuming a new identity and disappearing

into the fabric of society.

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Money was found in: 1980

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In a region

upstream of the suspected jump point.

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And this money was identified

to the serial numbers of the money

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that was given to him.

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There are many ideas, as I have

said, that he died on impact, was stranded

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in the woods and died there and or escaped

with the help of an unknown assistant.

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The money that was found

also contained an algae on top of it.

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Which one of the people

that did research on it

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essentially said that that money

had been introduced into the water stream

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in springtime instead of,

you know, late fall when he jumped.

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So kind of interesting to note,

but I think that, you know, the potential

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is there that it could have

just like blown into the water eventually.

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So my favorite of the theories,

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possible theories, is that he tricked

the crew during the whole event.

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It was noted exactly when and where

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the pilots felt him

lowered the shaft on the 727.

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And, you know,

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he instructed it instructed them

to keep the staircase down the whole time.

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So when they landed,

they had the stairs down.

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And so they landed in Reno and

they had the stairs down the whole time.

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Well, the pilots also noted

when they felt, you know, he jumped.

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So some speculate that if he was military

trained, as is often assumed about him,

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then he would have been deliberately

making a motion on the stairs

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to make the pilot think that he had jumped

when he could have just

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waited in the back

because there was no way for them to see.

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He made them stay in the cockpit

so he could have

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just been hanging out of the plane.

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And then when they approached Reno,

he would have felt them start to slow

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down.

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And some suspect that he jumped near Reno,

which is kind of a

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which is kind of an interesting theory.

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A stereotypical ransom note was delivered

to the Reno newspaper with clippings

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from another newspaper like,

you know how they do it in the movies

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where it's just like a bunch of clippings

of different things.

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It was delivered to the Reno Gazette

probably.

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I don't know what the name was,

but it says, Attention.

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Thanks for the hospitality.

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I was in a rut. D.B. Cooper.

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The hijacking took place on November 24th,

as I mentioned in the letter

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was delivered on November 29th,

which could corroborate this idea.

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However, you know, eventually

tons of letters would be sent in,

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and a lot of people just kind of like

messing with the authorities at one point.

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But this one is the first one, I believe.

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And in my research that I found

and it's just creepy enough to be real.

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And side note, his handwriting on

the envelope is kind of neat.

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Like he'd go look up pictures.

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It's it's pretty cool looking.

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I'll post pictures on the episode

with this episode to the FBI

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recognizing the magnitude of the mystery

launch an extensive and exhaustive

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investigation, leaving no stone unturned,

apparently no stern leaving

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no stone unturned in their quest

to unveil Cooper's true identity.

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But despite all their efforts, obviously,

since it's on this episode,

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the case remains unsolved.

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And a riddle to most

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standing is one of the most intriguing,

perplexing mysteries in American history.

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So, yeah, the legend of D.B.

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Cooper persists,

captivating the collective imagination,

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inspiring movies and all sorts of things

without a paddle.

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Probably my favorite D.B. Cooper movie,

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but he is also in the show.

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Loki Loki is here.

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Apparently another error related story.

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Of course, we can't

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we can't mention airplane mysteries

without that of Amelia Earhart.

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Amelia Earhart was a pioneering

American aviator and one of the most

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celebrated America icons, most celebrated

and iconic figures in aviation history.

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th,: 1897

and Atchison, Kansas, Earhart displayed

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an early interest in aviation

which eventually led to her to become

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the first female aviator to fly

solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

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Amelia's life is marked

by a series of remarkable achievements

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an enduring and enduring mystery

that has captivated the world.

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Melinda Hart's aviation odyssey

began in: 1919

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an airshow in Toronto, and this kind of

ignited a deep seated passion for flying

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and prompting her

to take flying lessons in: 1921

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And then just two years later,

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she had her own pilot's license,

which is pretty impressive.

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And she was the 16th woman in history

to achieve this milestone.

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In: 1928

stardom took a significant turn

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when she was invited to join pilot

Wilmer Stoltz, copilot slash mechanic

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Louis Gordon on a transatlantic flight,

although she didn't,

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you know, fly the plane,

she was part of the part of the crew.

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And that made her first woman

to traverse the Atlantic Ocean

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by air, even if it wasn't

as the capacity of a passenger.

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Still pretty cool.

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And that experience kind of

just kept pushing her into the spotlight.

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And in: 1932

she etched her name in history

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by becoming the first woman to achieve

a solo nonstop transatlantic flight.

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Pretty impressive.

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Piloting her Lockheed Vega,

she covered the Challenger out

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from Newfoundland

to Ireland in just over 15 hours.

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She not only solidified her place

in aviation history,

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but also earned her international acclaim

and admiration.

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Throughout her illustrious career, Earhart

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continued to shatter records

and push the boundaries of aviation.

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1935, she achieved another milestone

by becoming the first woman to fly solo

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across the Pacific Ocean.

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Navigating from Honolulu

to Oakland, her tenacity and skills

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in the cockpit made her a trailblazer,

inspiring countless individuals.

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But of course, all of this

tragically overshadowed

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by her attempt to circumnavigate

the globe in: 1937

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nd,: 1937

and her navigator, Fred Noonan.

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Everybody always forgets about Fred.

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They embarked on an ambitious journey

which,

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you know, circumnavigation of the globe,

no easy feat.

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I mean, I did it, but

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as stated, I'm no ordinary man.

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Anyway, their Lockheed Electra aircraft

was scheduled to fly from New Guinea

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to Howland Island in the Central Pacific

Ocean as they approached the final stretch

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of their journey,

attempting to locate the tiny, uninhabited

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Howland Island communication

between Amelia's plane and the U.S.

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Coast Guard

began to get get a little spotty.

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Despite numerous radio transmissions

and attempts to establish visual contact,

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Earhart and Noonan were unable

to pinpoint their location

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last confirmed message from Eckhardt

came at 8:43 a.m., stating

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they were running low on fuel and unable

to find Howland Island, despite exhaustive

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search efforts initiated immediately

after the disappearance.

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No trace of Earhart,

Noonan or the Lockheed Electra was found.

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The vastness of the Pacific Ocean

and the limitations of the technology

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at the time

made the search incredibly challenging.

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Theories and speculation

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regarding the fate of Amelia Earhart

and Fred Noonan abound.

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Some propose

that they ran out of fuel ditched at sea.

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While this suggests

they landed on a remote island in Paris,

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another theory posits that they were

captured by the Japanese and taken

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prisoner.

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Despite numerous expeditions,

discoveries of artifacts, analysis

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of radio signals and conclusive evidence

has remained elusive.

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The vessels.

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The official search was called off

on July 19th,

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1937, and Amelia Earhart was declared

lost at sea.

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The International Group

of Historic Aircraft Recovery

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and other organizations

have continued efforts

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to solve the mystery,

conducting expeditions

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and research in attempt

to uncover the fate of aircraft.

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And Noonan disappearance of Amelia Earhart

remains an unsolved puzzle,

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contributing to her enduring legacy

as both a pioneering aviator,

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an enigmatic figure in history,

and her record breaking flights,

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Amelia Earhart's legacy extends

to her advocacy for women in aviation.

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A vocal proponent of gender equality

in a male dominated field,

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she became an enduring symbol

of courage and determination, and her

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legacy continues to inspire generations

of aviation, aviators

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and women striving to break barriers

and pursue their passion.

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Now, there are plenty of mysterious deaths

in history, and I think most of them

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are filed under the why or who or where,

I guess in Eckhart's case

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rather than the how, unless you're JFK,

then then every bit of it's

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kind of a mystery except for the where we

we know where that happened.

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Beyond JFK though one

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there is a definite definite

like how did that happen?

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Is the incident at Dyatlov Pass

in January: 1959

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a group of nine experienced hikers

led by Igor Dyatlov,

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embarked on a challenging trek

through the northern Ural Mountains.

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The journey was meant to be a ski

hiking expedition, like a like a vacation.

00;13;28;04 - 00;13;31;00

Essentially, none of the members

were experienced, well-prepared.

00;13;31;00 - 00;13;34;04

Everything seemed normal until the group

deviated from their planned route.

00;13;34;04 - 00;13;38;11

Set up a camp near the eastern slope

of the Colette Sirocco,

00;13;38;14 - 00;13;44;02

a mountain translated as Dead Mountain,

and the local man, Mansi language.

00;13;44;02 - 00;13;45;21

This deviation is already

00;13;45;21 - 00;13;48;28

a bit mysterious, as it's unclear

why they chose to change their route.

00;13;49;00 - 00;13;51;15

The eerie events unfolded

during the night.

00;13;51;15 - 00;13;53;21

The hikers apparently

cut their way out of a tent

00;13;53;21 - 00;13;56;21

from the inside,

leaving all their belongings behind.

00;13;56;21 - 00;14;00;10

The suggests a hasty and panicked escape,

especially given the harsh

00;14;00;10 - 00;14;01;08

winter conditions.

00;14;01;08 - 00;14;04;07

Temperatures

around the 30 degrees Celsius.

00;14;04;07 - 00;14;08;09

Some of the hikers were found barefoot

or in socks, only raising questions

00;14;08;09 - 00;14;09;18

about what could have compelled them

00;14;09;18 - 00;14;14;13

to abandon the safety of the tent

without proper clothing research.

00;14;14;16 - 00;14;17;09

The search and rescue team,

including fellow hikers.

00;14;17;09 - 00;14;19;26

And later, the Soviet military discovered

00;14;19;26 - 00;14;23;03

the first bodies a mile away

from the campsite near a cedar tree.

00;14;23;04 - 00;14;25;03

Two of the hikers dubbed Nina

00;14;25;03 - 00;14;29;04

and the little hairy of these Russian

names are crazy.

00;14;29;06 - 00;14;32;08

We're found with severe chest fractures

and internal injuries

00;14;32;08 - 00;14;33;28

compared to a high speed car crash.

00;14;33;28 - 00;14;36;14

Strangely,

there were no external signs of trauma,

00;14;36;14 - 00;14;39;24

as if they had been subject

to intense crushing force.

00;14;39;24 - 00;14;41;26

As the search continued,

more bodies were found at

00;14;41;26 - 00;14;45;21

varying distances from the campsite,

leading to a perplexing scene.

00;14;45;23 - 00;14;48;06

Some were found near

the remains of a makeshift fire,

00;14;48;06 - 00;14;50;06

suggesting that they had tried

to keep warm.

00;14;50;06 - 00;14;53;01

The investigation

also revealed traces of radiation

00;14;53;01 - 00;14;55;21

on some of the clothing,

adding to an extra layer.

00;14;55;21 - 00;15;00;11

The mystery theories abound regardless

regarding what caused the hikers.

00;15;00;11 - 00;15;03;14

There are tons of theories

regarding what caused the hikers death.

00;15;03;14 - 00;15;07;05

Some speculate natural phenomenon,

such as avalanches, while others

00;15;07;08 - 00;15;11;07

entertain the ideas of, you know,

super normal stuff like a yeti attack.

00;15;11;10 - 00;15;11;28

The paranormal

00;15;11;28 - 00;15;15;26

theories range from UFO encounters

to secret military experiments gone wrong.

00;15;15;27 - 00;15;19;11

Despite extensive investigations, Dyatlov

Pass incident remains

00;15;19;11 - 00;15;24;02

one of the most enduring,

enigmatic mysteries of the 20th century.

00;15;24;04 - 00;15;25;07

My personal opinion.

00;15;25;07 - 00;15;29;23

I believe in the avalanche theory,

and one of the guys was found.

00;15;29;25 - 00;15;34;07

I think his head was like smashed

and I remember listening to a podcast.

00;15;34;07 - 00;15;38;19

I'm pretty sure it was time suck

where they were talking about like, why?

00;15;38;21 - 00;15;40;29

Why would that have have happened?

00;15;40;29 - 00;15;44;25

And I was thinking

that the guy was so cold

00;15;44;25 - 00;15;49;15

and like so freaked out that he was just

trying to take himself out

00;15;49;15 - 00;15;50;22

and had no other way to do it

00;15;50;22 - 00;15;54;19

other than try to knock himself out

so he could like, die in his sleep,

00;15;54;19 - 00;15;56;16

essentially, cause

he knew he was going to die.

00;15;56;16 - 00;15;58;24

That that was my that was my idea.

00;15;58;24 - 00;16;01;23

But not all mysteries

involve death or airplanes.

00;16;01;23 - 00;16;05;01

So we have some heists,

so that's pretty cool.

00;16;05;05 - 00;16;08;14

Well, there's a couple of heist

related ones in the last century,

00;16;08;14 - 00;16;11;00

but one is substantially older

than the last one.

00;16;11;00 - 00;16;13;01

So we're going to start

with the older one,

00;16;13;01 - 00;16;16;17

the Nazi art heist during World War Two,

or a dark chapter in the history

00;16;16;17 - 00;16;20;19

of cultural heritage,

not just because the Nazis are just awful,

00;16;20;19 - 00;16;24;08

but they just really want that extra mile

to be the worst of the worst.

00;16;24;10 - 00;16;27;25

As the Nazis expanded their control

across Europe, they systematically

00;16;27;25 - 00;16;31;15

plundered art collections in the places

they put their control into,

00;16;31;16 - 00;16;35;13

confiscating thousands of valuable

art works from museums, galleries

00;16;35;13 - 00;16;36;15

and private collections.

00;16;36;15 - 00;16;39;15

This was part of Adolf Hitler's

plan to amass a grand

00;16;39;18 - 00;16;42;22

art museum in Linz, Austria,

which is his hometown,

00;16;42;25 - 00;16;46;18

showcasing what he considered

to be the finest cultural achievements

00;16;46;21 - 00;16;52;05

the infamous RR,

which is I'm not going to pronounce that

00;16;52;07 - 00;16;54;02

and stub Reich's letter.

00;16;54;02 - 00;16;57;29

Rosenberg was a Nazi

organization tasked with looting

00;16;57;29 - 00;17;02;08

cultural treasures, including painting,

sculpture and other art artworks.

00;17;02;08 - 00;17;04;02

The looted art was often taken from Jewish

00;17;04;02 - 00;17;08;04

families, intellectuals

and institutions targeted by the Nazis.

00;17;08;04 - 00;17;11;15

This campaign of confiscated art

was not only a means

00;17;11;15 - 00;17;15;10

of cultural domination, but a way to erase

cultural identity of those

00;17;15;12 - 00;17;19;17

the Nazis sought to oppress the Monuments

Men, a group of allied soldiers

00;17;19;17 - 00;17;23;09

with expertise in art and cultural

preservation played a crucial role

00;17;23;09 - 00;17;26;18

in attempting to recover and return

stolen artworks after the war.

00;17;26;19 - 00;17;30;08

The Monuments Men to recover

and return stolen artworks after the war,

00;17;30;11 - 00;17;34;14

the Monuments Men worked tirelessly

to locate hidden caches of stolen

00;17;34;14 - 00;17;37;21

art in various locations,

including mines and castles.

00;17;37;21 - 00;17;41;28

One of the most famous incidents

revolved involved the recovery of artworks

00;17;41;28 - 00;17;45;01

stolen from the Althouse

Salt Mine in Austria,

00;17;45;01 - 00;17;48;07

where the Nazis had hidden numerous stolen

masterpieces.

00;17;48;09 - 00;17;51;06

The Monuments Men,

with the help of local miners, discovered

00;17;51;06 - 00;17;53;27

thousands of paintings, sculptures

and other cultural artifacts

00;17;53;27 - 00;17;57;07

preventing their destruction

and aiding in their eventual restitution.

00;17;57;07 - 00;18;00;08

Despite the efforts to recover stolen art,

many,

00;18;00;09 - 00;18;03;13

many works remain missing

or have yet to be identified.

00;18;03;16 - 00;18;07;21

The issue of restitution

and the return of looted artwork continues

00;18;07;21 - 00;18;11;27

to be a complex and sensitive matter,

with ongoing efforts to trace

00;18;11;29 - 00;18;15;13

and return artworks

to their rightful owners or their heirs.

00;18;15;13 - 00;18;19;10

The legacy of the Nazi art heist serves

as a stark reminder of the impact of war

00;18;19;10 - 00;18;20;29

on cultural heritage,

00;18;20;29 - 00;18;25;12

not just the actual war's impact

on the people and the ongoing importance

00;18;25;12 - 00;18;28;23

of preserving and protecting the world's

artistic treasures.

00;18;28;23 - 00;18;30;04

Next one.

00;18;30;04 - 00;18;33;04

More recent Isabella Stewart Gardner

00;18;33;04 - 00;18;36;09

Museum Heist is one of the most notorious

art deaths in history.

00;18;36;13 - 00;18;41;13

,: 1990

disguised as police officers

00;18;41;13 - 00;18;43;19

entered the museum in Boston and stole 13

00;18;43;19 - 00;18;47;20

pieces of art that were valued at over

$500 million.

00;18;47;20 - 00;18;49;17

The stolen artworks included masterpieces

00;18;49;17 - 00;18;53;27

by renowned artists such as Vermeer,

Rembrandt, Manet and Dega.

00;18;53;29 - 00;18;56;29

The thief spent approximately

81 minutes inside the museum,

00;18;56;29 - 00;18;59;11

which they tied up the museum's

two security guards

00;18;59;11 - 00;19;01;19

and proceeded to remove artwork

from the walls.

00;19;01;19 - 00;19;05;10

Stolen pieces include Vermeer's

The Concert, Rembrandt's The Storm

00;19;05;17 - 00;19;09;01

on the Sea of Galilee,

Manet's Shade toward Tony.

00;19;09;07 - 00;19;13;00

Despite extensive investigation

by the FBI and other law

00;19;13;00 - 00;19;16;09

enforcement agencies, the stolen artworks

have never been recovered.

00;19;16;11 - 00;19;17;21

The identities of the thieves

00;19;17;21 - 00;19;21;15

remain unknown, and the case is shrouded

in mystery and intrigue,

00;19;21;20 - 00;19;25;17

with numerous theories and speculations

about the whereabouts of the stolen art.

00;19;25;17 - 00;19;28;18

The Isabella Stewart

Gardner Museum continues to display empty

00;19;28;18 - 00;19;31;26

frames in the spots where the artwork

that was stolen once hung,

00;19;32;00 - 00;19;34;26

serving as a poignant reminder

of the unsolved crime.

00;19;34;26 - 00;19;35;29

The museum has offered

00;19;35;29 - 00;19;39;19

substantial reward on information

leading to the recovery of stolen pieces.

00;19;39;22 - 00;19;44;02

I believe it's around $10 million, but,

you know, the art has not been returned.

00;19;44;03 - 00;19;46;28

If you know anything,

go ahead and tell them and

00;19;46;28 - 00;19;48;20

and just share the reward with us.

00;19;48;20 - 00;19;50;06

Nothing, nothing too crazy.

00;19;50;06 - 00;19;53;06

Solid mill,

I think would help the show immensely.

00;19;53;06 - 00;19;56;05

With that, we draw from missing

art to missing people.

00;19;56;06 - 00;20;00;12

The next section brings the most famous

missing people and unsolved crimes,

00;20;00;12 - 00;20;02;27

which I realize that the Isabella Stewart

00;20;02;27 - 00;20;04;27

Gardner

heist is considered an unsolved crime.

00;20;04;27 - 00;20;07;19

But I guess most of the ones before,

00;20;07;19 - 00;20;10;02

but not all of

these are within the last century.

00;20;10;02 - 00;20;11;28

So I had to break it up

in a different way.

00;20;11;28 - 00;20;16;10

Obviously, a lot of the crime

in the history of ever goes unsolved.

00;20;16;11 - 00;20;17;26

That's not lost on me.

00;20;17;26 - 00;20;21;11

But all of them captivated people's

attention in the same way as these ones.

00;20;21;11 - 00;20;25;10

In my opinion, the expanse of New Orleans

is first up refers

00;20;25;10 - 00;20;27;22

to a mysterious

and unidentified serial killer

00;20;27;22 - 00;20;30;22

who terrorized the city

of New Orleans, Louisiana.

00;20;30;26 - 00;20;33;02

Now islands

00;20;33;04 - 00;20;33;11

in the

00;20;33;11 - 00;20;37;07

early 20th century,

The X-Men's reign of terror is generally

00;20;37;07 - 00;20;41;08

eved to have occurred between: 1919

or 1918 or 1919.

00;20;41;11 - 00;20;43;02

X-Men was known for breaking into homes.

00;20;43;02 - 00;20;45;15

An attack is attacking his victims.

00;20;45;15 - 00;20;47;05

What you're going to be surprised by this?

00;20;47;05 - 00;20;48;29

An X.

00;20;48;29 - 00;20;52;01

The attacks were brutal

and the killer often used an ax

00;20;52;01 - 00;20;53;08

that belonged to the victims

00;20;53;08 - 00;20;56;14

or was found at the crime scene,

which is kind of interesting.

00;20;56;19 - 00;20;58;04

Like he didn't bring his own.

00;20;58;04 - 00;21;00;19

And why did everybody have

so many axes back then?

00;21;00;19 - 00;21;01;18

I don't know.

00;21;01;18 - 00;21;03;15

I don't have one ax in my house.

00;21;03;15 - 00;21;04;08

I guess I'm safe.

00;21;04;08 - 00;21;07;14

The ax bands victims

were typically Italian, American and

00;21;07;15 - 00;21;10;27

maybe that's

why do Italian Americans all have axes?

00;21;10;27 - 00;21;15;05

Anyway, the attack seemed to focus on

the city's Italian immigrant population.

00;21;15;05 - 00;21;18;15

One peculiar aspect of the ax man's crimes

was the bizarre letter

00;21;18;15 - 00;21;22;20

that he supposedly wrote to the local

newspaper or letters in one letter

00;21;22;21 - 00;21;25;28

that's been claimed to be a supernatural

being who would spare anyone

00;21;25;28 - 00;21;29;10

playing jazz music

in their homes on a particular night.

00;21;29;10 - 00;21;34;00

This led to a night known as the AX Man's

Jazz, where the city's residents played

00;21;34;00 - 00;21;36;29

jazz music in their homes

to protect themselves from the killer.

00;21;36;29 - 00;21;39;11

True identity of the AX Man

was never discovered,

00;21;39;11 - 00;21;41;05

and the murders abruptly stopped.

00;21;41;05 - 00;21;45;12

As mysterious as they began, case

remains unsolved, and the man's identity

00;21;45;12 - 00;21;49;26

and motives have became a subject

of much speculation and folklore.

00;21;50;02 - 00;21;51;23

So is it supernatural?

00;21;51;23 - 00;21;54;19

Was it just for the plot

of American Horror Story?

00;21;54;19 - 00;21;55;08

Who knows?

00;21;55;08 - 00;21;58;11

Legend of the AX Man of New Orleans

has endured, leaving

00;21;58;11 - 00;22;01;22

in an indelible mark on the city's history

00;22;01;22 - 00;22;06;00

and adding an element of chilling mystery

to the unsolved crimes.

00;22;06;03 - 00;22;08;18

From the dark streets

of New Orleans to London.

00;22;08;18 - 00;22;10;16

We go. We jump back a few decades.

00;22;10;16 - 00;22;13;29

And of course, we were traveling

to the Whitechapel district.

00;22;14;02 - 00;22;15;00

Of course we have to.

00;22;15;00 - 00;22;15;28

Jack the Ripper is

00;22;15;28 - 00;22;20;16

one of the most infamous and unidentified

serial killers in history responsible

00;22;20;16 - 00;22;24;14

for a series of gruesome murders in the in

and around the Whitechapel

00;22;24;14 - 00;22;28;29

District of London in: 1888

of Jack the Ripper remains unknown,

00;22;28;29 - 00;22;33;01

and the case has been become a legend

and unsolved mystery.

00;22;33;02 - 00;22;37;18

The killer is believed to have targeted

female prostitutes, and the five canonical

00;22;37;22 - 00;22;41;16

victims of Jack

the Ripper are Marianne Nichols, Annie

00;22;41;16 - 00;22;46;03

Chapman, Elizabeth Stride,

Catherine Rose and Mary Jane Kelly.

00;22;46;03 - 00;22;49;20

The murders were characterized by a brutal

and mutilating nature of the attacks,

00;22;49;20 - 00;22;53;09

leading to widespread fear and panic

in the white, drab white chapel community.

00;22;53;09 - 00;22;56;15

The name Jack the Ripper originated

from a series of letters and postcards

00;22;56;15 - 00;22;59;08

sent to the police and newspapers

during the time of the murders.

00;22;59;08 - 00;23;02;09

The authenticity of these letters

is subject to debate

00;23;02;09 - 00;23;06;02

among historians, but they contributed

to the notoriety of the case.

00;23;06;02 - 00;23;09;20

The investigation into Jack

the Ripper murders was marred

00;23;09;20 - 00;23;12;28

by limitations of the forensic sciences

at the time,

00;23;13;00 - 00;23;16;07

the 19th century,

and the lack of reliable eyewitnesses.

00;23;16;07 - 00;23;18;01

A lot of them happened at night.

00;23;18;01 - 00;23;18;28

It's kind of hard to see,

00;23;18;28 - 00;23;22;05

especially back then,

not a whole lot of lights in that area

00;23;22;07 - 00;23;25;00

and the challenges

of conducting a thorough investigation

00;23;25;00 - 00;23;29;08

in the impoverished and overcrowded

East London, east end of London.

00;23;29;08 - 00;23;32;09

Despite numerous suspects

and theories over the years, the true

00;23;32;09 - 00;23;35;20

identity of Jack the Ripper obviously

has never been determined.

00;23;35;21 - 00;23;38;26

Case continues

to captivate the public's imagination.

00;23;38;26 - 00;23;42;03

There's countless theories, books,

documentaries, even fictional works

00;23;42;03 - 00;23;44;04

that explore the identity of Jack

the Ripper.

00;23;44;04 - 00;23;46;09

Mysterious or the mystery surrounding

00;23;46;09 - 00;23;50;02

these unsolved murders

has become an enduring part of true crime.

00;23;50;06 - 00;23;54;02

True crime lore in the name of Jack

the Ripper remains synonymous

00;23;54;02 - 00;23;58;08

with the archetype of an unidentified

and elusive serial killer,

00;23;58;10 - 00;24;01;08

Another name synonymous with the archetype

00;24;01;08 - 00;24;05;05

of an unidentified and elusive

serial killer is the Zodiac.

00;24;05;08 - 00;24;09;07

The Zodiac killer is also,

you know, unidentified person

00;24;09;07 - 00;24;13;15

who operated in the Northern California

order in Northern California,

00;24;13;16 - 00;24;17;29

not the Northern California

during the late: 1960

00;24;17;29 - 00;24;21;06

and is linked to several murders

and claims

00;24;21;06 - 00;24;24;11

responsibility

for quite a few more than police think.

00;24;24;11 - 00;24;28;05

He actually did confirm Murders

attributed to Zodiac Killer included

00;24;28;06 - 00;24;31;29

those of David Faraday,

Betty Lou Jensen in December

00;24;31;29 - 00;24;36;23

1968, Darlene Faron and Mike Maggio

in July of: 1969

00;24;36;23 - 00;24;41;21

Cecilia Shepherd and Brian Hartnell

in September: 1969

00;24;41;24 - 00;24;44;24

and Paul Stein in October: 1969

00;24;44;29 - 00;24;48;16

Killer targeted young couples

in isolated areas, for the most part,

00;24;48;19 - 00;24;49;14

and the crimes

00;24;49;14 - 00;24;53;14

were characterized by a level of brutality

and chilling lack of motive.

00;24;53;20 - 00;24;56;15

Zodiac Killer gained notoriety

for sending taunting letters

00;24;56;15 - 00;24;58;19

and cryptograms

to the media and law enforcement

00;24;58;19 - 00;25;02;14

killer claimed to enjoy killing people

and threatened to continue the spree

00;25;02;14 - 00;25;04;15

unless his letters were published

in the papers.

00;25;04;15 - 00;25;05;22

Letters can put

00;25;05;22 - 00;25;09;09

the letters contained complex ciphers,

some of which were eventually decoded.

00;25;09;09 - 00;25;13;09

But the killer's identity and identity

remained elusive, almost infamous

00;25;13;09 - 00;25;17;12

aspects of the case is the Zodiac symbol

crossed circle with a line

00;25;17;12 - 00;25;21;14

through it resembling a gun site,

which became his signature of sorts.

00;25;21;14 - 00;25;24;15

Letters often

included a references to the Zodiac,

00;25;24;15 - 00;25;28;17

as you know, collecting slaves

who would be rewarded in the afterlife.

00;25;28;17 - 00;25;31;18

Despite an extensive investigation

by law enforcement, amateur

00;25;31;18 - 00;25;35;25

sleuth Zodiac was never apprehended,

and the case has spawned numerous theories

00;25;35;25 - 00;25;40;12

about the suspects,

but obviously remains an unnamed.

00;25;40;12 - 00;25;44;14

And there's many theories about

if he was even real at all.

00;25;44;14 - 00;25;49;01

Like if some guy was just like,

I'm going to pretend I did all of these

00;25;49;01 - 00;25;51;24

since nobody knows.

So that's an interesting theory.

00;25;51;24 - 00;25;54;24

The movie The Zodiac with Jake Gyllenhaal

and Robert Downey Jr.

00;25;54;24 - 00;25;57;05

That's a great movie. David Fincher movie.

00;25;57;05 - 00;25;59;18

A guy knows true crime,

let me tell you. All right.

00;25;59;18 - 00;26;04;07

Shifting focus from the killer

to the family of a victim.

00;26;04;07 - 00;26;07;21

One of the most infamous cases is infamous

or just famous.

00;26;07;21 - 00;26;08;09

I don't know,

00;26;08;09 - 00;26;10;11

especially in the last few decades

in the United States,

00;26;10;11 - 00;26;13;23

one that brings so much

confusion and mystery and just heartbreak

00;26;13;24 - 00;26;16;25

case of JonBenet Ramsey,

the tragic, high profile

00;26;16;25 - 00;26;20;12

unsolved murder that occurred in Boulder,

Colorado, in: 1996

00;26;20;12 - 00;26;24;06

JonBenet Ramsey was a six year

old beauty queen who was found

00;26;24;06 - 00;26;27;24

murdered in her family's home on December

,: 1996

00;26;27;24 - 00;26;30;16

Circumstances surrounding JonBenet's

death are mysterious

00;26;30;16 - 00;26;33;09

and have led to numerous theories

and speculation.

00;26;33;09 - 00;26;37;17

he morning after Christmas in: 1996

JonBenet's mother, Patsy, reported

00;26;37;17 - 00;26;41;19

finding a ransom note, demanding $118,000

for her daughter's safe return.

00;26;41;20 - 00;26;44;21

However, later that day, JonBenet,

whose body was discovered

00;26;44;21 - 00;26;48;09

in the basement of family home,

she had been strangled and had a stroke

00;26;48;09 - 00;26;52;24

and had a skull fracture

case, received extensive media coverage.

00;26;52;26 - 00;26;56;13

Still kind of does,

like in the investigation,

00;26;56;14 - 00;26;59;25

faced criticism

for potentially mishandling of evidence.

00;26;59;28 - 00;27;02;27

Yes, I would like to speak on this

for a moment.

00;27;02;27 - 00;27;06;14

Mishandling of evidence

and just the whole house,

00;27;06;14 - 00;27;10;11

like the crime scene,

not securing a crime scene.

00;27;10;13 - 00;27;13;21

What did we learn last week

with the hinder effect murders?

00;27;13;27 - 00;27;16;23

You got to

you got to secure the crime scene.

00;27;16;23 - 00;27;22;05

We have John Ramsey, her father,

finding the body in the basement

00;27;22;07 - 00;27;25;16

and immediately, like holding on to it.

00;27;25;16 - 00;27;27;24

And like

cops are in the building at this point

00;27;27;24 - 00;27;29;25

because they were like,

okay, well, hang out at the house

00;27;29;25 - 00;27;31;26

and try and figure some stuff out.

00;27;31;26 - 00;27;33;22

Apparently, nobody searched the basement.

00;27;33;22 - 00;27;38;18

So now you have the dad in the basement

and now all of his evidence

00;27;38;18 - 00;27;43;07

is now introduced because he's there

and it's it's just crazy.

00;27;43;11 - 00;27;47;09

The ransom note in particular raised

suspicion due to its unusual length.

00;27;47;09 - 00;27;51;08

And the fact that, you know,

the amount demanded was almost identical

00;27;51;08 - 00;27;52;01

to the bonus.

00;27;52;01 - 00;27;54;25

John Ramsey,

JonBenet's father, had received.

00;27;54;25 - 00;27;58;11

Other parts of the note that confuse me

are the fact that it was written

00;27;58;11 - 00;28;02;29

with paper found inside the home

and the fact that they, you know,

00;28;03;01 - 00;28;05;10

wrote one

at all because the kid was already dead.

00;28;05;10 - 00;28;09;12

Obviously, the Ramsey family became

a focus of public scrutiny with suspicion,

00;28;09;12 - 00;28;10;27

cast of various members of the family,

00;28;10;27 - 00;28;13;19

including her parents

and her older brother, Burke.

00;28;13;19 - 00;28;14;22

However, the family

00;28;14;22 - 00;28;19;05

consistently maintained their innocence

and criticized the police investigation.

00;28;19;06 - 00;28;22;24

We should criticize you

because you guys also mess this up.

00;28;22;24 - 00;28;26;02

Despite the widespread attention

and various theories surrounding the case,

00;28;26;02 - 00;28;28;27

no one has been charged

or convicted in connection.

00;28;28;27 - 00;28;33;00

Case remains open and the mystery of

who killed her continues to captivate

00;28;33;00 - 00;28;37;07

the public, fueled speculation

about what really happened in: 1996

00;28;37;08 - 00;28;41;07

In my personal opinion,

I think the family was involved, you know,

00;28;41;08 - 00;28;46;18

by pointing out the parts of the ransom

note is pretty much

00;28;46;18 - 00;28;50;13

why I why I think this, you know,

why write a note?

00;28;50;13 - 00;28;53;14

If the child was already dead,

why demand the amount of which, you know,

00;28;53;14 - 00;28;58;00

the coincidentally is

the exact same amount as the dad's bonus.

00;28;58;00 - 00;29;00;16

And the paper used came

from inside the home.

00;29;00;16 - 00;29;03;02

The answers to these questions

we may never have.

00;29;03;02 - 00;29;04;22

You know, Patsy has since passed.

00;29;04;22 - 00;29;07;29

She actually died a decade after,

and John remains hopeful

00;29;07;29 - 00;29;09;09

they will find someone eventually.

00;29;09;09 - 00;29;11;10

I know that there was recently a company

00;29;11;10 - 00;29;15;13

that offered to do some specific

DNA testing and that is newer.

00;29;15;13 - 00;29;17;16

But then what they had back then.

00;29;17;16 - 00;29;19;05

But nothing has come of that yet.

00;29;19;05 - 00;29;22;01

So obviously remains unsolved.

00;29;22;01 - 00;29;22;13

All right.

00;29;22;13 - 00;29;27;19

So from when in the last few decades

to one almost 100 years ago,

00;29;27;21 - 00;29;31;18

one of the most notorious and mysterious

murders of the United States

00;29;31;18 - 00;29;33;09

is that of Elizabeth Short.

00;29;33;09 - 00;29;37;13

Elizabeth Shaw, often referred to

as the Black Dahlia, was a young woman

00;29;37;13 - 00;29;38;29

whose murder in: 1947

00;29;38;29 - 00;29;42;25

remains one of the most infamous

unsolved cases in American history.

00;29;42;26 - 00;29;47;26

Elizabeth Short was born on

th,: 1924

00;29;47;26 - 00;29;50;06

She, a young woman

trying to become an actress.

00;29;50;06 - 00;29;53;02

She moved to L.A.,

you know, trying to trying to make it.

00;29;53;02 - 00;29;54;15

Trying to live that dream.

00;29;54;15 - 00;29;57;23

And her life was tragically cut short

and her murder became

00;29;57;23 - 00;30;01;17

the subject of an insane amount

of speculation in media coverage.

00;30;01;23 - 00;30;06;08

th,: 1947

Elizabeth's mutilated body

00;30;06;08 - 00;30;11;13

was found in a vacant lot in Leimert Park

neighborhood of Los Angeles.

00;30;11;14 - 00;30;13;16

The brutality of the murder shocked

the public.

00;30;13;16 - 00;30;17;07

Short had been severely mutilated,

with her body cut in half at the waist

00;30;17;09 - 00;30;18;25

and her face slashed in the corners

00;30;18;25 - 00;30;22;12

of her mouth towards her ears,

creating a gruesome smile like effect.

00;30;22;18 - 00;30;26;28

The person who found her body

thought it was a mannequin at first,

00;30;26;28 - 00;30;29;01

you know, because she's missing

half of her body.

00;30;29;01 - 00;30;33;06

Case received significant attention

from the media, and Elizabeth was dubbed

00;30;33;06 - 00;30;35;15

the Black Dahlia by the press or June.

00;30;35;15 - 00;30;39;03

And the nickname is due to the black

clothing that they found

00;30;39;03 - 00;30;43;22

at her places of residence

and also a movie called The Blue Dahlia

00;30;43;22 - 00;30;46;29

that had came out around that time,

which is that kind of helped

00;30;46;29 - 00;30;50;22

add to the speculation,

the sensationalism of this event.

00;30;50;24 - 00;30;55;20

And despite all of the attention

going on and extensive investigation

00;30;55;20 - 00;30;59;15

and all these suspects

and even people who had confessed

00;30;59;17 - 00;31;01;11

there, the killer was never identified,

00;31;01;11 - 00;31;04;10

although there are a lot of

the confessions were deemed unreliable.

00;31;04;10 - 00;31;09;16

A lot of people just claiming which that

happens in pretty much every every case.

00;31;09;17 - 00;31;11;10

I feel like that's on this list,

00;31;11;10 - 00;31;15;01

Like there were people who confessed

to JonBenet Ramsey's murder.

00;31;15;03 - 00;31;17;18

And there's, you know, a bunch of people

who confessed to the Black

00;31;17;18 - 00;31;20;06

Dahlia

that were not even remotely involved.

00;31;20;06 - 00;31;21;09

So that's I don't know.

00;31;21;09 - 00;31;22;08

That's kind of a weird thing.

00;31;22;08 - 00;31;27;04

But Black Dahlia has the case has inspired

numerous books, movies, documentaries,

00;31;27;04 - 00;31;31;00

further cementing Elizabeth Short's

tragic story in popular culture, forever

00;31;31;00 - 00;31;32;12

played the game. L.A. Noir.

00;31;32;12 - 00;31;35;13

That game has you Trail of Murderer,

who is very closely inspired

00;31;35;13 - 00;31;39;14

by some of the most famous murders

in early U.S.

00;31;39;14 - 00;31;41;20

history. And Black Dahlia is one of them.

00;31;41;20 - 00;31;44;20

Moving

from confirmed to murder straight up.

00;31;44;25 - 00;31;48;21

Well, we lost him as a man synonymous

with disappearing and a running joke

00;31;48;25 - 00;31;50;18

whenever anyone digs a hole, pretty much.

00;31;50;18 - 00;31;53;17

James Riddle Hoffa,

what a perfect middle name

00;31;53;23 - 00;31;58;11

known as Jimmy Hoffa, was an influential

American labor union leader and president

00;31;58;11 - 00;32;01;23

of the International Brotherhood

of Teamsters, one of the largest

00;32;01;23 - 00;32;06;07

and most powerful, powerful labor

organizations in the United States.

00;32;06;07 - 00;32;09;14

Born in: 1913

Hoffa rose to prominence as a charismatic

00;32;09;14 - 00;32;12;22

and sometimes controversial figure

in the labor movement,

00;32;12;25 - 00;32;17;03

became involved in labor

organization in the: 1930

00;32;17;03 - 00;32;20;22

climbed the rank of the Teamsters

and became the vice president

00;32;20;29 - 00;32;26;24

of the Teamsters in: 1952

then president from 1957 to 1971.

00;32;26;25 - 00;32;30;23

Under his leadership, the union grew

significantly in size and power,

00;32;30;23 - 00;32;34;15

representing a device range of workers,

including truck drivers

00;32;34;15 - 00;32;35;16

and warehouse workers.

00;32;35;16 - 00;32;38;25

Carvers, involvement in organized crime

and its aggressive tactics

00;32;38;25 - 00;32;42;05

and labor disputes that drew

the attention of law enforcement.

00;32;42;05 - 00;32;45;10

In: 1967

tampering, attempted

00;32;45;10 - 00;32;48;23

bribery and fraud,

and was sentenced to 13 years in prison.

00;32;48;23 - 00;32;52;14

Despite his incarceration, Hoffa remained

a powerful figure in the Teamsters

00;32;52;14 - 00;32;56;11

through his influential influence

over the union from behind bars.

00;32;56;13 - 00;33;01;25

And the mystery around him deepened

when he disappeared in: 1930

00;33;01;27 - 00;33;05;29

th,: 1975

he was last seen outside the Marcus

00;33;05;29 - 00;33;09;21

Red Fox in Blooming Bloomfield Township,

Michigan.

00;33;09;21 - 00;33;13;02

Numerous theories and rumors

circulated about his disappearance,

00;33;13;02 - 00;33;14;04

with many speculating

00;33;14;04 - 00;33;18;07

that he was the victim of a mob hit due

to his connections with organized crime.

00;33;18;08 - 00;33;20;21

To this day, his fate remains unknown.

00;33;20;21 - 00;33;21;29

There's a lot of speculation

00;33;21;29 - 00;33;25;25

like he was like under Wrigley Field

or something like that.

00;33;25;27 - 00;33;28;19

So many like crazy theories.

00;33;28;19 - 00;33;30;24

And I think the ice man, Richard Conklin,

00;33;30;24 - 00;33;34;00

he even even confessed

to having killed him.

00;33;34;00 - 00;33;36;01

But he confessed to a lot of stuff, too.

00;33;36;01 - 00;33;38;20

So I don't know. Yeah. So Jimmy Hoffa.

All right.

00;33;38;20 - 00;33;43;09

Moving into some of the places around

the earth and away from crime and murder.

00;33;43;09 - 00;33;47;18

So hopefully this is going to be less

depressing than the last few were.

00;33;47;21 - 00;33;51;01

Kind of I don't know, the first one.

00;33;51;03 - 00;33;54;21

The first one is kind of a place,

but more of an event.

00;33;54;21 - 00;33;57;04

But, you know, it's an event of a place.

If that makes it.

00;33;57;04 - 00;33;58;19

I think it's going to make sense.

00;33;58;19 - 00;34;00;09

Colony of Roanoke.

00;34;00;09 - 00;34;03;19

I think it's taught to every fifth grade

social studies class and remains to be

00;34;03;26 - 00;34;08;02

a major event in American history

that continues to perplex so many own

00;34;08;02 - 00;34;11;25

a colony known as the Lost

Colony was one of the early

00;34;11;25 - 00;34;14;26

English attempts to establish

a permanent settlement in the New World.

00;34;14;26 - 00;34;16;10

Colony was a attempt.

00;34;16;10 - 00;34;20;02

The colony was located on Roanoke Island

in present day North Carolina,

00;34;20;02 - 00;34;26;07

and its mysterious disappearance

has become a historical enigma of sorts.

00;34;26;07 - 00;34;29;07

The first attempt to establish

the Roanoke Colony was made in

00;34;29;12 - 00;34;33;09

1585 by an expedition

led by Sir Ralph Lane.

00;34;33;11 - 00;34;37;12

Due to harsh conditions, strained

relations with the local native population

00;34;37;12 - 00;34;39;22

and lack of supplies,

the settlers abandoned the colony

00;34;39;22 - 00;34;41;14

and returned to England

the following year.

00;34;41;14 - 00;34;45;18

In: 1587

White was sent to establish

00;34;45;18 - 00;34;46;26

a more permanent settlement.

00;34;46;26 - 00;34;50;15

Whites group included men, women

and children, including his granddaughter,

00;34;50;15 - 00;34;54;11

Virginia Dare, who would become the first

English child born in the New World.

00;34;54;11 - 00;34;55;08

However, shortly

00;34;55;08 - 00;34;58;14

after their arrival, tensions

with the local Native American population

00;34;58;14 - 00;35;00;29

increased, supplies dwindled

and these settlers

00;35;00;29 - 00;35;04;05

were not exactly prepared

for the rugged life in the new world.

00;35;04;05 - 00;35;07;15

So they decided to return to England

for more supplies

00;35;07;15 - 00;35;11;06

due to the English, Spanish War

and other delays, John White was unable

00;35;11;06 - 00;35;16;15

to return to Roanoke until: 1590

which is a crazy amount of time.

00;35;16;18 - 00;35;21;06

I mean, it's not now,

I guess, but I don't know, especially

00;35;21;06 - 00;35;24;26

when you're like you're colonies

already on the brink of stuff like bad

00;35;24;26 - 00;35;28;07

things happening and you're like,

yeah, I mean, three years is a long time.

00;35;28;08 - 00;35;32;02

When he arrived, the colony was deserted

and there was no signs of the settlers.

00;35;32;02 - 00;35;33;15

Only clues left behind

00;35;33;15 - 00;35;37;12

were the word croatoan carved into a post

in the letter S.R.O.

00;35;37;12 - 00;35;39;26

carved into a nearby tree.

00;35;39;26 - 00;35;42;17

These mysterious markings

led to the theories and speculation

00;35;42;17 - 00;35;44;02

of the fate of Roanoke colonists.

00;35;44;02 - 00;35;48;08

This seems to be very confusing marker,

but the settlers, along with White,

00;35;48;08 - 00;35;52;04

had actually made a plan

that while he was gone because he knew

00;35;52;04 - 00;35;53;04

was going to take a long time

00;35;53;04 - 00;35;56;28

to return, stated that if they decided

to move from the initial colony

00;35;56;28 - 00;36;02;03

to carve their new destination in a post

or tree, White had mapped out their area

00;36;02;03 - 00;36;06;01

and they all were

in ownership of said map,

00;36;06;01 - 00;36;09;06

so they all knew what names to call

which areas.

00;36;09;10 - 00;36;12;15

So the theory is

that they relocated to an island near

00;36;12;15 - 00;36;16;29

where they were located

and the location was called Croatoan.

00;36;17;00 - 00;36;18;25

That island was called Croatoan.

00;36;18;25 - 00;36;20;18

There's tons of theories

about the disappearance

00;36;20;18 - 00;36;23;27

of the Roanoke Colony, including

assimilation, with Native American tribes

00;36;23;27 - 00;36;27;11

attacked by hostile Native Americans

and possibly colonists,

00;36;27;14 - 00;36;30;18

like I said,

relocated to a different location.

00;36;30;18 - 00;36;32;23

But despite the efforts

to uncover the truth,

00;36;32;23 - 00;36;36;00

the fate of the lost colony remains

one of the enduring mysteries

00;36;36;00 - 00;36;39;05

of the American history

and story of Rona continues

00;36;39;05 - 00;36;42;26

to capture the imagination of historians

and the public alike.

00;36;42;26 - 00;36;45;04

For the next step,

we will be traveling from the East Coast

00;36;45;04 - 00;36;47;22

of the United States

to the islands of Japan.

00;36;47;22 - 00;36;51;15

Suppose that underwater ruins of Yamaguchi

Yamaguchi Monument,

00;36;51;16 - 00;36;55;06

also known as a Goonies submarine

Ruins, is a mysterious water

00;36;55;09 - 00;36;59;10

structure, underwater structure

located off the coast of Yamaguchi,

00;36;59;12 - 00;37;01;26

which is one of the Nyima Islands in

00;37;01;26 - 00;37;05;01

Japan, discovered in the late: 1980

by a local diver.

00;37;05;01 - 00;37;06;27

The site has sparked

debate and speculation

00;37;06;27 - 00;37;11;15

about its origin, whether it's a natural

geological formation or manmade.

00;37;11;15 - 00;37;14;18

Yamaguchi Monument

consists of large flat rock formations

00;37;14;18 - 00;37;18;18

with distinct like sharp angles, stair

like terraces and columns.

00;37;18;18 - 00;37;21;22

Some of the formations

appear to resemble pyramids platform arms

00;37;21;22 - 00;37;23;12

and other architectural features.

00;37;23;12 - 00;37;27;21

The depth of the site ranges

from from about five to about 40 meters,

00;37;27;21 - 00;37;31;18

so 16 to 131 feet below the ocean surface.

00;37;31;24 - 00;37;35;06

Various theories have been proposed

regarding the origin of the Yamaguchi

00;37;35;06 - 00;37;35;26

Monument.

00;37;35;26 - 00;37;39;14

Some researchers and geologists argue

that the structures are a result

00;37;39;14 - 00;37;44;04

of natural geological processes,

such as tectonic activity and erosion.

00;37;44;05 - 00;37;47;22

They suggest that the formation could be

the remnants of sandstone and sedimentary

00;37;47;22 - 00;37;50;00

rock layers

shaped by the forces of nature.

00;37;50;00 - 00;37;53;01

On the other hand, proponents of the idea

that Yamaguchi Monument is

00;37;53;01 - 00;37;56;28

a manmade structure that's just been

kind of like slowly covered up

00;37;56;28 - 00;38;01;14

by different sediments and things, argue

that, you know, with the precise right

00;38;01;14 - 00;38;05;17

angles, parallel lines and other features

are indicative of human construction.

00;38;05;18 - 00;38;08;18

Some theories

theorists have even speculated the site

00;38;08;18 - 00;38;11;17

could be remains of the lost

ancient civilization.

00;38;11;20 - 00;38;15;08

It's probably lately an astute

debate over Yamaguchi Monument continues.

00;38;15;08 - 00;38;17;21

Despite having various studies

and investigations

00;38;17;21 - 00;38;20;18

there knows there's no consensus

but is really cool.

00;38;20;18 - 00;38;24;10

And if you go like you can look at

pictures of it, it's pretty spectacular.

00;38;24;10 - 00;38;25;12

Whatever it is, it's cool.

00;38;25;12 - 00;38;28;15

From lines

underwater to lines in the sand.

00;38;28;15 - 00;38;31;14

Next mysterious place

would be Nazca, Peru.

00;38;31;14 - 00;38;35;13

The Nazca lines are a series of ancient

geoglyphs located in the Nazca desert

00;38;35;13 - 00;38;36;14

of southern Peru.

00;38;36;14 - 00;38;40;17

These massive designs were created

by removing the reddish brown iron oxide

00;38;40;17 - 00;38;42;13

coated pebbles that covered the surface

00;38;42;13 - 00;38;46;12

of Nazca desert, revealing the light

colored earth underneath.

00;38;46;13 - 00;38;49;25

Revealing the light colored earth

underneath lends form various shapes,

00;38;49;25 - 00;38;53;05

including geometric figures

animals and humanlike figures.

00;38;53;05 - 00;38;56;11

The mask lines were created by the Nazca

people who lived in the region

00;38;56;11 - 00;38;59;12

between 500 BCE and 500. C.E.

00;38;59;12 - 00;39;03;06

The purpose and methods

of creating these enormous figures remain

00;39;03;06 - 00;39;08;02

the subject of speculation and debate

among archeologists and researchers.

00;39;08;04 - 00;39;11;18

The lines were largely ignored

until the advent of air travel.

00;39;11;18 - 00;39;14;18

Obviously,

I can't really tell what this thing is.

00;39;14;23 - 00;39;17;24

When they were first spotted

by commercial airlines in the: 1920

00;39;17;24 - 00;39;21;09

the discovery of the NASCAR lands

captured the public's imagination,

00;39;21;09 - 00;39;25;05

and theories about their purpose

and significance abound.

00;39;25;12 - 00;39;29;11

They used to use Google Earth

to travel around them and check them out.

00;39;29;13 - 00;39;31;22

And in fact,

as soon as I started typing this line,

00;39;31;22 - 00;39;34;13

I opened up Google Earth for old times

sake to do it again.

00;39;34;13 - 00;39;36;25

And that was a lot of fun. I'm

glad I did that.

00;39;36;25 - 00;39;39;27

It's so crazy to see

all the intricate lines from like straight

00;39;39;27 - 00;39;42;28

up and down and then pan camera

to see what it looks like from the ground.

00;39;42;28 - 00;39;46;10

I even, like, use Google Earth

to go to like some of the mountains

00;39;46;10 - 00;39;49;17

to see what it could

potentially look like from the

00;39;49;17 - 00;39;52;00

if you were staying on a mountain

to to see it.

00;39;52;00 - 00;39;55;24

Some theory suggests that the dense glen

served as an astronomical calendar

00;39;55;25 - 00;39;58;10

or were used in religious ceremonies

and rituals.

00;39;58;10 - 00;40;02;10

It's also an idea that they point towards

the solar equinox locations, which,

00;40;02;13 - 00;40;04;19

you know, isn't the weirdest

that others proposed

00;40;04;19 - 00;40;08;02

that the lines had ceremonial pathways

or were linked to water sources.

00;40;08;07 - 00;40;11;27

As the region is arid

and water management was crucial

00;40;11;27 - 00;40;14;20

for the NASCAR people as it is for most.

00;40;14;20 - 00;40;17;16

One of the most famous figures

is the Nazca spider, which has a body

00;40;17;16 - 00;40;20;16

that is over 100 and 450 feet.

00;40;20;17 - 00;40;23;10

And as a hummingbird

and as coming in as a condor

00;40;23;10 - 00;40;25;18

among the other well-known figures,

no one really knows

00;40;25;18 - 00;40;28;18

exactly how these feats were accomplished

specifically.

00;40;28;18 - 00;40;32;14

But, you know,

people have replicated this,

00;40;32;16 - 00;40;36;07

that a couple of different methods

that they believe were used.

00;40;36;07 - 00;40;40;04

So all of these designs feature

one continuous line

00;40;40;04 - 00;40;42;10

to create the shape,

which is also kind of cool.

00;40;42;10 - 00;40;46;11

Weirdly, the lines in NASCAR

are not the only geoglyphs in Peru, 130

00;40;46;11 - 00;40;50;03

miles away from the NASCAR plane, a giant

drawing sits on the side of a mountain.

00;40;50;03 - 00;40;54;03

The candelabra of the Andes,

also known as the Candelabra of Caracas,

00;40;54;03 - 00;40;59;07

is a large geoglyph located in Pisco Bay,

area of Peru, near the town of Caracas.

00;40;59;07 - 00;40;59;23

Made sense.

00;40;59;23 - 00;41;02;15

It's a massive figure

etched into the sandy hillside

00;41;02;15 - 00;41;05;28

resembling a three branched candlestick

or candelabra.

00;41;05;28 - 00;41;11;11

The geoglyph measures about 595 feet

in height and is visible from the sea.

00;41;11;11 - 00;41;14;27

The exact age and purpose

of the candelabra remains uncertain.

00;41;14;27 - 00;41;17;06

Adding air of mystery

to this ancient artwork,

00;41;17;06 - 00;41;20;15

Some theories suggest that it served

as a navigation aid for sailors,

00;41;20;15 - 00;41;23;24

while others proposed religious

or ceremonial significance.

00;41;23;24 - 00;41;27;19

Since it is like in a bay or near a bay

00;41;27;22 - 00;41;30;09

and it does look like a candelabra,

00;41;30;09 - 00;41;33;18

like how could it be if this is like

their version of lighthouse?

00;41;33;18 - 00;41;35;12

You know what I mean?

00;41;35;14 - 00;41;36;10

That's I don't know.

00;41;36;10 - 00;41;38;10

I don't know if that's true,

but it's kind of funny.

00;41;38;10 - 00;41;41;28

Anyway, moving from one part of the globe

to another, let's go to ancient Rome,

00;41;41;28 - 00;41;43;11

where we'd all rather be, right.

00;41;43;11 - 00;41;46;22

Library of Alexandria

was one of the most famous and significant

00;41;46;22 - 00;41;50;17

libraries of the ancient world is located

in the city of Alexandria, Egypt,

00;41;50;17 - 00;41;54;15

and was which was,

you know, founded in the third B.C.

00;41;54;17 - 00;41;57;23

And the library was built by Ptolemy

00;41;57;25 - 00;42;02;00

second Philadelphia, as the ruler of Egypt

at the time library aim

00;42;02;01 - 00;42;05;15

to collect, preserve and disseminate

knowledge of from various parts

00;42;05;15 - 00;42;08;24

of the ancient world has an extensive

collection of scrolls manuscripts

00;42;08;24 - 00;42;12;05

and writings from the different cultures

and civilizations.

00;42;12;05 - 00;42;15;18

The library attracted scholars,

scientists, intellectuals,

00;42;15;18 - 00;42;18;06

making it a center

for learning and research.

00;42;18;06 - 00;42;19;25

The exact skies and size

00;42;19;25 - 00;42;23;28

and scope of the Library of Alexandria

remain a matter of debate among

00;42;23;28 - 00;42;29;20

and among historians, with estimates

ranging from: 40000

00;42;29;26 - 00;42;33;01

And fortunately,

the library's fate is a tragic one.

00;42;33;01 - 00;42;37;09

Over the centuries, it's faced multiple

incidences of damage and destruction,

00;42;37;09 - 00;42;43;10

including a fire 48 BCE during Julius

Caesar's siege of Alexandria.

00;42;43;12 - 00;42;45;10

Whoops.

00;42;45;10 - 00;42;46;00

no, I don't.

00;42;46;00 - 00;42;49;20

I don't know why I feel obligated to,

like, apologize on his behalf, like he's

00;42;49;20 - 00;42;52;20

a drunk friend

you're trying to wrangle in or something.

00;42;52;23 - 00;42;57;22

Anyway, like, Hey, Levi, get your boy

report down the library, is it?

00;42;57;24 - 00;43;02;02

Anyway, there's also had later incidences

during conflicts

00;43;02;02 - 00;43;06;01

between the Romans and various factions

that continued to lead to its demise.

00;43;06;01 - 00;43;09;12

The destruction of the Library

of Alexandria is a historical loss,

00;43;09;12 - 00;43;13;10

as it is believed that many irreplaceable

works and knowledge were lost

00;43;13;12 - 00;43;17;07

story of the library has become a symbol

of the impermanence of knowledge

00;43;17;07 - 00;43;19;19

and the vulnerability

of cultural heritage.

00;43;19;19 - 00;43;21;02

Despite its demise,

00;43;21;02 - 00;43;24;16

the Library of Alexandria remains

a powerful symbol of the pursuit

00;43;24;16 - 00;43;27;08

of knowledge and cultural achievements

around the ancient world.

00;43;27;08 - 00;43;31;09

Sometimes the historical places

do survive, but the existence of it

00;43;31;12 - 00;43;32;23

leads to the real mystery.

00;43;32;23 - 00;43;35;25

The Plain of Jars is a mysterious

archeological site

00;43;35;25 - 00;43;39;14

located in the Jin Quinn province of Laos.

00;43;39;21 - 00;43;41;25

The plane is scattered

with thousands of large,

00;43;41;25 - 00;43;44;25

ancient stone jars,

some of which are over: 2000

00;43;44;27 - 00;43;47;27

The jars vary in size,

with the largest ones reaching up to ten

00;43;47;27 - 00;43;52;19

feet in height and weighing several tons,

which is almost too heavy.

00;43;52;22 - 00;43;56;05

The purpose of the jars

and the civilization that created them

00;43;56;05 - 00;43;57;10

remained enigmatic.

00;43;57;10 - 00;44;02;12

Theories suggests that they were used

for funerary practices, possibly

00;44;02;17 - 00;44;06;18

as burial containers for the dead, other

purposes that the jars were involved in.

00;44;06;18 - 00;44;10;01

Ancient rituals,

such as the fermentation of rice wine,

00;44;10;03 - 00;44;14;10

is also believed to be associated

with prehistoric burial practices.

00;44;14;17 - 00;44;18;01

Though many aspects of its history

are still speculative play,

00;44;18;01 - 00;44;21;02

the Jar has faced challenges,

including damages from bombing

00;44;21;02 - 00;44;24;24

during the Vietnam War, left some areas

littered with unexploded ordnance.

00;44;24;24 - 00;44;25;17

Not good.

00;44;25;17 - 00;44;28;16

Despite these challenges, efforts

have been made to preserve and study

00;44;28;16 - 00;44;31;25

the site, shedding light on its historical

and cultural significance.

00;44;31;25 - 00;44;35;20

Mystery surrounding the plain of jars

continues to captivate archeologists

00;44;35;20 - 00;44;36;27

and historians alike.

00;44;36;27 - 00;44;41;15

So now travel across the Pacific from Laos

to islands featuring massive stone

00;44;41;15 - 00;44;45;11

skull sculptures who also survived past

the people who built them.

00;44;45;11 - 00;44;48;21

But their efforts are the parts

that baffle pretty much everybody.

00;44;48;22 - 00;44;53;14

Easter Island, known as Rapanui

in the indigenous Polynesian language,

00;44;53;14 - 00;44;58;04

stands as a remote and captivating

gem of the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

00;44;58;04 - 00;45;02;15

Renowned for its enigmatic,

monumental statues, the Maui, the island,

00;45;02;15 - 00;45;07;13

How island has woven a narrative

of ancient craftsmanship, environmental

00;45;07;13 - 00;45;10;15

challenges, cultural resilience

and archeological intrigue.

00;45;10;15 - 00;45;13;15

Nestled in the vast

expanse of the Southeast Asian Pacific,

00;45;13;15 - 00;45;17;08

Easter Island is a territory of Chile,

situated approximately

00;45;17;08 - 00;45;20;27

2300 miles off the Chilean coast,

which is quite a bit extreme.

00;45;20;27 - 00;45;24;27

Remoteness contributes to its distinction

as one of the most isolated inhabited

00;45;24;27 - 00;45;27;24

islands globally, adding to

00;45;27;26 - 00;45;29;19

an air of mystique to its allure.

00;45;29;19 - 00;45;33;16

The valley, of course, is what

we all think of the Easter Island heads.

00;45;33;19 - 00;45;34;13

Well, they're not heads.

00;45;34;13 - 00;45;38;15

They're huge statues,

they're colossal stone statues.

00;45;38;17 - 00;45;43;11

And they are the most iconic feature

of the island carved from compressed

00;45;43;11 - 00;45;48;06

volcanic ash during a period

spanning the 13th and 16th centuries.

00;45;48;06 - 00;45;52;10

These imposing figures were crafted by

the skilled hands of the Rapanui people.

00;45;52;12 - 00;45;57;05

Maui saw to the heights of 33 feet

and weigh an astonishing 80 tons

00;45;57;05 - 00;46;01;14

in their position on ceremonial platforms

called out the Maui serve

00;46;01;14 - 00;46;06;03

as silent sentinels testament

to the island's rich cultural history.

00;46;06;03 - 00;46;09;23

Now, in addition to the Maui,

there's a lot of different things

00;46;09;23 - 00;46;13;01

along Easter Island

that are pretty impressive.

00;46;13;04 - 00;46;16;05

Some of the systems of writing

a unique system

00;46;16;05 - 00;46;19;05

of writing known as the the Ranga Rango,

00;46;19;12 - 00;46;22;12

which is still pretty mysterious,

00;46;22;14 - 00;46;25;16

knows exactly what it means,

like the writing means.

00;46;25;16 - 00;46;28;03

So that's kind of adds to it.

00;46;28;03 - 00;46;30;28

So you've got these massive statues

and then the writing system

00;46;30;28 - 00;46;34;17

and the like is suspected

environmental degradation has led

00;46;34;19 - 00;46;39;18

led to or played a role in the societal

collapse on the island, underscoring

00;46;39;18 - 00;46;43;16

a delicate balance between human endeavors

and the natural environment.

00;46;43;16 - 00;46;47;13

European exploration reached Easter Island

when Dutch navigator

00;46;47;13 - 00;46;51;06

Jacob Roggeveen

rst set foot on the shores in: 1722

00;46;51;06 - 00;46;53;18

On Easter Sunday.

That's why it's called Easter Island.

00;46;53;18 - 00;46;58;11

And then subsequent East European contact

brought diseases, cultural disruptions

00;46;58;11 - 00;47;03;04

and enslavement significantly impacting

the rapidly people their way of life.

00;47;03;05 - 00;47;06;19

Ongoing efforts are dedicated

to the conservation of its cultural

00;47;06;19 - 00;47;10;11

and archeological treasures,

ensuring that the mystery of how the Rapa

00;47;10;11 - 00;47;14;05

Nui people carved

and transported these massive stones.

00;47;14;06 - 00;47;15;19

You know,

00;47;15;22 - 00;47;16;29

that doesn't make any sense.

00;47;16;29 - 00;47;18;16

There are ongoing efforts

00;47;18;16 - 00;47;21;13

that are dedicated to conservation

of its cultural

00;47;21;13 - 00;47;25;17

and archeological treasures, you know,

trying to preserve the Rapanui people's

00;47;25;20 - 00;47;29;19

history, essentially continuing

the theme of massive stone construction.

00;47;29;19 - 00;47;32;19

We could not continue with that,

of course, traveling to Stonehenge,

00;47;32;19 - 00;47;37;19

nestled majestically on the Salisbury

Plain in Wiltshire, England,

00;47;37;21 - 00;47;40;26

Stonehenge stands

as an unparalleled prehistoric monument,

00;47;40;26 - 00;47;43;00

captivating the imagination

of global visitors

00;47;43;00 - 00;47;46;07

who are drawn to its iconic

an enigmatic presence.

00;47;46;07 - 00;47;50;04

This early archeological masterpiece

has become a symbol of human

00;47;50;11 - 00;47;54;06

ingenuity, prompting an in-depth

exploration into its mysteries.

00;47;54;06 - 00;47;57;28

The evolution of Stonehenge

unfolded over a remarkable: 1500

00;47;57;29 - 00;48;01;05

initiating its construction

around: 3100

00;48;01;05 - 00;48;05;20

and culminating to its final form

in around: 1600

00;48;05;20 - 00;48;09;28

The monument's designs include

a design includes a circular arrangement

00;48;09;28 - 00;48;14;29

of imposing standing stones known

as Sarsens elegantly crowned with lintels.

00;48;14;29 - 00;48;18;27

A close with its outer

circle is an inner horseshoe formation

00;48;18;27 - 00;48;24;17

of smaller bluestones believed

to have been transported from a distant

00;48;24;19 - 00;48;26;06

Pressly Hills and Wales.

00;48;26;06 - 00;48;28;20

Throughout history,

the purpose and function of Stonehenge

00;48;28;20 - 00;48;31;12

have been the subject of fervent

speculation and debate.

00;48;31;12 - 00;48;35;28

These have emerged proposing diverse roles

such as an astronomical observatory,

00;48;35;28 - 00;48;39;04

a religious or ceremonial site,

or even burial grounds.

00;48;39;05 - 00;48;42;10

The alignment of the stones

with celestial events, including solstices

00;48;42;10 - 00;48;45;10

and lunar cycle, intensifies

the enigma around it.

00;48;45;10 - 00;48;49;27

The Current The construction of Stonehenge

stands as a testament to extraordinary

00;48;49;27 - 00;48;53;05

engineering and logistical prowess

of ancient civilizations.

00;48;53;05 - 00;48;55;29

This is probably one of the biggest things

that people are confused by.

00;48;55;29 - 00;48;57;23

Like, Well, all these things are crazy.

00;48;57;23 - 00;48;59;04

How do they do it?

00;48;59;04 - 00;49;03;05

And nobody knows exactly hundred percent

sure how they did it specifically.

00;49;03;05 - 00;49;07;23

But people have been able to replicate

Stonehenge's massive stone movements

00;49;07;23 - 00;49;12;05

with different, different technologies

that could have been used at that time.

00;49;12;05 - 00;49;16;06

Beyond a physical structure, Stonehenge

carries profound cultural significance,

00;49;16;08 - 00;49;19;12

representing an enduring symbol

of ancient British culture

00;49;19;12 - 00;49;21;24

and the capabilities

of prehistoric societies.

00;49;21;24 - 00;49;24;19

Despite its enduring allure,

Stonehenge is not immune

00;49;24;19 - 00;49;28;22

to the passage of time, prompting ongoing

conservation and preservation efforts.

00;49;28;25 - 00;49;32;18

It does have millions of people visit

pretty much every year like

00;49;32;18 - 00;49;33;22

it is very popular.

00;49;33;22 - 00;49;36;22

Access to the Stones

is carefully restricted, though,

00;49;36;23 - 00;49;39;18

to protect the site with special events

such as summer and Winter

00;49;39;18 - 00;49;43;09

Solstice is providing exclusive

opportunities for limited access.

00;49;43;10 - 00;49;44;23

My high school art teacher, Ms..

00;49;44;23 - 00;49;49;05

Babbitt shout out to Deb

told us a story about going to Stonehenge

00;49;49;05 - 00;49;49;24

with her daughters

00;49;49;24 - 00;49;54;14

one time during a solstice of some sort,

I'm pretty sure while she was on vacation.

00;49;54;14 - 00;49;58;21

And she said that there were

tons of people there and as the sun rised,

00;49;58;24 - 00;50;02;16

that's smoke like appeared on the ground

and like all over the place.

00;50;02;16 - 00;50;04;15

And it was like all of a sudden

very smoky.

00;50;04;15 - 00;50;07;26

And then she was quickly overwhelmed

with the smell of marijuana,

00;50;07;28 - 00;50;10;28

which which is pretty funny like that.

00;50;11;03 - 00;50;15;09

A bunch of hippies were like,

We're going to Stone End man.

00;50;15;11 - 00;50;19;28

Anyway,

So Stonehenge continues to confuse.

00;50;19;28 - 00;50;24;09

And so anyway, as archeological marvel,

Stonehenge continues

00;50;24;09 - 00;50;28;01

to stand as a testament

to ancient human achievement So well

00;50;28;01 - 00;50;32;10

and we still don't know what or why,

which is why it's on this list.

00;50;32;13 - 00;50;36;11

Next section is missing

graves of some of his stories.

00;50;36;13 - 00;50;40;29

Famous people, first ones that I knew

about almost instantly when I concocted

00;50;40;29 - 00;50;43;29

this idea were those of Alexander

the Great,

00;50;44;05 - 00;50;47;12

Genghis Khan and Attila

the Hun, as well as Cleopatra.

00;50;47;12 - 00;50;49;25

But I found some interesting ones as well.

00;50;49;25 - 00;50;52;25

Not that these people are interesting,

but they're just the most common

00;50;52;25 - 00;50;53;16

in my research.

00;50;53;16 - 00;50;57;22

So anyway, starting with the oldest

and moving forward location of Alexander

00;50;57;23 - 00;51;00;25

the Great's tomb ignited centuries

of speculation.

00;51;00;26 - 00;51;03;10

Alexander

I'm pretty sure you've heard of them,

00;51;03;10 - 00;51;08;07

but if not surely a monumental figure

in history renowned for his extraordinary

00;51;08;07 - 00;51;13;29

military prowess and conquering

of such a vast region at such a young age.

00;51;14;00 - 00;51;16;05

But he met his end in 323 B.C.

00;51;16;05 - 00;51;17;10

at the age of 32.

00;51;17;10 - 00;51;21;21

This marked a conclusion to his far

reaching conquests and initiated a quest

00;51;21;21 - 00;51;25;05

to find an appropriate resting place

for the legendary military leader.

00;51;25;07 - 00;51;29;02

Alexander died in Babylon, a city

which was under his rule.

00;51;29;02 - 00;51;33;26

His body was placed in a lavish gold

coffin and later transported to Memphis.

00;51;33;26 - 00;51;38;25

In Egypt, Ptolemy told me,

a trusted general of Alexander assumed

00;51;38;29 - 00;51;43;11

responsibility for the remains

and a vision in turning Alexander

00;51;43;17 - 00;51;47;12

in Alexandria, the city

which he founded and named, Make sense.

00;51;47;15 - 00;51;51;12

Ptolemy had claimed to have laid Alexander

to rest

00;51;51;12 - 00;51;55;08

within a grand mausoleum known

as the Soma, enclosed in a golden coffin.

00;51;55;08 - 00;51;58;12

However, the exact location of this tomb

remains veiled

00;51;58;12 - 00;52;02;07

and uncertain, with historical accounts

presenting conflicting narratives.

00;52;02;07 - 00;52;06;18

Alexandria with its profound connection

to Alexander's legacy as the city

00;52;06;18 - 00;52;10;00

which he founded, was

considered was considered

00;52;10;00 - 00;52;13;27

a fitting site for his tomb,

Ptolemy erected this Soma within the city.

00;52;13;27 - 00;52;17;27

Yet the specific spot,

whether in the renowned the Library of

00;52;18;00 - 00;52;21;08

Alexandria or in the royal quarters,

remains a mystery.

00;52;21;08 - 00;52;25;29

And the fate of his tomb is intertwined

in the shifts of power of Alexandria,

00;52;26;01 - 00;52;30;11

gradually fading into obscurity amidst

changing rulers and the city's

00;52;30;11 - 00;52;31;14

tumultuous history.

00;52;31;14 - 00;52;34;05

During the Roman era, emperors

like Augustus paid homage

00;52;34;05 - 00;52;38;01

to Alexander by making to

what they believed to be his tomb.

00;52;38;01 - 00;52;41;05

But the it was like, we don't really know.

00;52;41;12 - 00;52;44;26

Alexander's profound legacy

extends beyond his military conquests,

00;52;44;26 - 00;52;49;03

influencing art, literature,

cultural and culture throughout the ages.

00;52;49;06 - 00;52;52;01

But we don't know where he finally rests.

00;52;52;01 - 00;52;55;16

There's also contemporary efforts

to unearth his tomb

00;52;55;16 - 00;52;58;17

finding places,

but none of those were ever successful.

00;52;58;17 - 00;53;01;28

So staying in the same region,

but jumping out of a few hundred years,

00;53;01;28 - 00;53;06;15

the tragic love story of Mark

Antony and Cleopatra, once a formidable

00;53;06;15 - 00;53;13;04

love triangle,

now just a regular two two sided shape.

00;53;13;06 - 00;53;14;08

I guess it would be a circle.

00;53;14;08 - 00;53;16;26

No, I don't know.

The eternal resting place of Cleopatra.

00;53;16;26 - 00;53;20;01

Mark Antony is also shrouded

in historical speculation.

00;53;20;04 - 00;53;23;04

Mark Antony, Cleopatra case.

You don't know.

00;53;23;07 - 00;53;26;07

What Caesar was killed,

began a love affair.

00;53;26;07 - 00;53;27;17

Or maybe before.

00;53;27;17 - 00;53;31;10

And then they were like,

We're going to rule Egypt.

00;53;31;10 - 00;53;33;21

And then Rome was not super

pumped about that.

00;53;33;21 - 00;53;37;14

And yeah,

so they ended up fighting Octavian

00;53;37;17 - 00;53;42;04

and died while didn't die in the battle,

but they were defeated by Octavian

00;53;42;04 - 00;53;46;09

in the battle Battle of Actium in 31 BCE,

00;53;46;16 - 00;53;50;03

Cleopatra and Mark Antony

faced a harrowing prospect of capture

00;53;50;04 - 00;53;53;21

so fueled by the fear of falling

into the hands of Octavian, Cleopatra

00;53;53;22 - 00;53;55;11

chose a dramatic end.

00;53;55;11 - 00;53;59;10

She's big of

00;53;59;12 - 00;54;00;28

a big fan of Romeo and Juliet.

00;54;00;28 - 00;54;04;05

I guess she led a venomous snake biter,

00;54;04;06 - 00;54;10;15

so she died and then distraught

by Cleopatra's demise, Mark Antony

00;54;10;18 - 00;54;12;14

fell on his sword quite literally.

00;54;12;14 - 00;54;15;14

So yeah, these guys are a little dramatic,

00;54;15;16 - 00;54;17;28

but their greatest have never been

located.

00;54;17;28 - 00;54;20;22

Historical accounts

suggest that Mark Antony and Cleopatra

00;54;20;22 - 00;54;23;17

put together in a Golden tomb

in Alexandria, Egypt.

00;54;23;17 - 00;54;26;18

But the location of this place,

nobody knows.

00;54;26;20 - 00;54;30;24

And of course, their efforts

to find the final resting place of them.

00;54;30;24 - 00;54;33;24

But, you know, just because of how

00;54;33;26 - 00;54;37;07

how long ago it was

and the shifting, you know,

00;54;37;09 - 00;54;41;20

topography of Alexandria with earthquakes,

rising sea levels, all that stuff,

00;54;41;21 - 00;54;42;29

you know, it's just really hard.

00;54;42;29 - 00;54;45;15

So with that, we're going to go in.

00;54;45;15 - 00;54;48;20

We're staying in the Roman Empire, but

we're going to shift to the western edge

00;54;48;21 - 00;54;50;00

on the British Isles.

00;54;50;00 - 00;54;54;05

Boudicca formidable Celtic

queen of the Iceni tribe in ancient

00;54;54;05 - 00;54;57;25

Britain etched her place in history

through her courageous leadership

00;54;57;26 - 00;55;02;21

in a major uprising

against Roman occupation in 60 or 61 A.D.

00;55;02;21 - 00;55;06;02

While her rebellion left an incredible

mark on the annals of ancient

00;55;06;02 - 00;55;10;05

British history, the details of Boudica's

faith, particularly

00;55;10;07 - 00;55;14;01

the enigmatic location of her grave,

are a mystery.

00;55;14;03 - 00;55;15;14

Who would have thought

00;55;15;14 - 00;55;18;29

in the aftermath of her spirited

resistance against Roman forces?

00;55;18;29 - 00;55;22;22

Conflicting accounts surrounding

the circumstances of his death.

00;55;22;24 - 00;55;26;02

Historical narrative suggests that she

either fell in battle against the Romans

00;55;26;02 - 00;55;29;06

or chose a path of self-inflicted

suicide to evade capture.

00;55;29;08 - 00;55;34;03

The ambiguity surrounding her demise

extends to the disposition of her body,

00;55;34;03 - 00;55;34;28

which makes sense.

00;55;34;28 - 00;55;38;17

One prevailing theory proposes

that recognizing the significance

00;55;38;20 - 00;55;41;11

of preventing the Romans

from desecrating her legacy,

00;55;41;11 - 00;55;45;15

Boudica was clandestinely

laid to rest by her devoted followers.

00;55;45;15 - 00;55;50;02

The secrecy surrounding the burial site

adds an additional layer of intrigue.

00;55;50;05 - 00;55;50;15

Yeah.

00;55;50;15 - 00;55;54;12

So the enduring mystery of where

this iconic Celtic queen found her

00;55;54;14 - 00;55;57;25

final resting place is just that

a mystery.

00;55;57;27 - 00;55;59;26

We continue our journey

in the Roman Empire,

00;55;59;26 - 00;56;03;04

but advance a few centuries

into the time of Attila

00;56;03;05 - 00;56;05;24

the grave of Attila

the Hun, one of history's most fearsome

00;56;05;24 - 00;56;10;07

and influential warriors

remains a topic of historical intrigue.

00;56;10;09 - 00;56;13;24

Attila was the leader of the Huns

and orchestrated invasion invasions

00;56;13;24 - 00;56;16;11

that struck fear into the hearts of both

the western and eastern

00;56;16;11 - 00;56;19;06

Roman empires during the fifth century,

until he died

00;56;19;06 - 00;56;22;08

under mysterious circumstances in 453

A.D., shortly

00;56;22;08 - 00;56;25;19

after celebrating his marriage

to Princess Ildiko.

00;56;25;21 - 00;56;27;06

Well, I don't know.

00;56;27;06 - 00;56;31;18

Ildiko The the cause of death is debated

00;56;31;18 - 00;56;35;18

with theories ranging from a severe

nosebleed to an assassination attempt.

00;56;35;18 - 00;56;37;28

Regardless that his passing marked

the end of an era

00;56;37;28 - 00;56;39;25

dominated by his military campaigns.

00;56;39;25 - 00;56;43;14

Does that also makes me think of,

like several TV series and movies?

00;56;43;14 - 00;56;43;29

I don't know.

00;56;43;29 - 00;56;46;05

I don't even know which one

I'm thinking of right now.

00;56;46;05 - 00;56;50;12

But there's like, I think

it's Last Kingdom, maybe where a man

00;56;50;12 - 00;56;53;22

is killed basically in his sleep

and I'm pretty sure on his wedding night.

00;56;53;22 - 00;56;56;17

But I'm kept now. I don't know. I,

I lost it.

00;56;56;17 - 00;56;57;11

I'm sorry.

00;56;57;11 - 00;56;58;21

Anyway, after until his death,

00;56;58;21 - 00;57;02;07

he was buried in a triple coffin

made of gold, silver and iron.

00;57;02;07 - 00;57;03;05

So many gold cuff.

00;57;03;05 - 00;57;04;06

I want a gold coffin.

00;57;04;06 - 00;57;07;10

I don't want it for me to be dead in.

00;57;07;10 - 00;57;09;07

I just want one right now.

00;57;09;07 - 00;57;12;29

So if you're listening

and you have one email, that to me

00;57;13;01 - 00;57;16;00

seems like a, you know, awful material

to bury people in.

00;57;16;00 - 00;57;17;25

But I don't really know. Maybe it's great.

00;57;17;25 - 00;57;19;13

The enslaved captives who constructed

00;57;19;13 - 00;57;22;28

the tomb were allegedly put to death,

maintain secrecy of the burial site.

00;57;22;28 - 00;57;26;20

Legend has it that the Huns diverted

a river to create a temporary gravesite

00;57;26;20 - 00;57;30;22

for Attila, and then, after burial,

re diverted the waters to cover the tomb.

00;57;30;28 - 00;57;35;02

The exact location of his grave is,

you know, speculation, but

00;57;35;05 - 00;57;39;06

some theories place it in Hungary

near the Tyson River.

00;57;39;08 - 00;57;41;15

Well, it's suggested it's Romania.

00;57;41;15 - 00;57;43;25

Despite various searches

and archeological efforts.

00;57;43;25 - 00;57;46;00

The actual site obviously never found.

00;57;46;00 - 00;57;49;10

Interestingly,

the next guy also allegedly ordered people

00;57;49;10 - 00;57;51;01

to move a river to hide his burial.

00;57;51;01 - 00;57;56;08

The mystery enveloping the location

of Genghis Khan tomb is also, guess what?

00;57;56;11 - 00;57;58;22

It's not a mystery.

00;57;58;24 - 00;57;59;04

As the

00;57;59;04 - 00;58;03;08

founder and inaugural great Khan

of the Mongolian empire, Genghis Khan

00;58;03;08 - 00;58;06;26

breathed his last breath in: 1227

00;58;06;26 - 00;58;10;23

and then strategically veiling

the knowledge of his final resting place.

00;58;10;26 - 00;58;13;24

There's a lot of measures to thwart

00;58;13;24 - 00;58;18;02

potential desecration by adversaries

who thought to undermine his legacy.

00;58;18;02 - 00;58;21;29

Numerous aspects contribute

to the mystique surrounding Genghis Khan's

00;58;22;05 - 00;58;25;26

tomb, each adding a layer of intrigue

to the quest for its discovery.

00;58;25;26 - 00;58;29;01

The Khan's demise was veiled in secrecy,

with the legendary count

00;58;29;01 - 00;58;32;15

suggesting that the funeral procession

went to extreme lengths, killing anyone

00;58;32;15 - 00;58;35;26

it encountered to safeguard

the confidential location of his burial.

00;58;35;26 - 00;58;39;22

Even those involved in the construction

of the tomb, including the slaves

00;58;39;22 - 00;58;44;11

and servants, face execution

to uphold the secrecy of the site.

00;58;44;13 - 00;58;47;12

Historical records suggest the possibility

00;58;47;12 - 00;58;50;16

that the Khan was being interred

in multiple locations.

00;58;50;16 - 00;58;54;13

A strategic approach aimed to

00;58;54;15 - 00;58;56;24

aim to

confound the potential grave robbers

00;58;56;24 - 00;59;02;04

or advocate adversaries seeking to disturb

the revered leaders final resting place

00;59;02;05 - 00;59;04;12

the vast expanses

of the Mongolian steppes,

00;59;04;12 - 00;59;07;16

where he spent so much of his life pose

a formidable

00;59;07;16 - 00;59;10;27

challenge for modern archeologists

attempting to locate his tomb.

00;59;10;27 - 00;59;12;21

The nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols.

00;59;12;21 - 00;59;13;13

In the absence

00;59;13;13 - 00;59;17;06

of permanent structures for complicate

the quest for historical treasure.

00;59;17;07 - 00;59;20;25

Over the centuries, various

political regimes and rulers in Mongolia

00;59;20;25 - 00;59;25;04

actively discouraged or obstructed

attempts to search for his tomb.

00;59;25;05 - 00;59;27;01

This reluctance often

00;59;27;01 - 00;59;30;16

stems from the belief that disturbing

his resting place could invoke a curse

00;59;30;19 - 00;59;35;08

or bring bad fortune, underscoring deep

cultural reverence for the iconic leader.

00;59;35;10 - 00;59;38;27

There's a really great episode

of Expedition Unknown on this,

00;59;38;29 - 00;59;44;21

and they go to a like a like a

massive mountain and they they meet like a

00;59;44;22 - 00;59;49;20

like a ceremonial guard, almost, of people

who guard this mountain from outsiders.

00;59;49;20 - 00;59;50;20

And it's crazy.

00;59;50;20 - 00;59;54;12

It's like like still, after all this time,

they're they're there,

00;59;54;13 - 00;59;55;13

which is kind of wild.

00;59;55;13 - 00;59;57;27

And then they do like a scan

on one of the mountains

00;59;57;27 - 01;00;00;11

and there's like a mound at the top

that they're like, Well,

01;00;00;11 - 01;00;01;01

that might be that,

01;00;01;01 - 01;00;01;25

but they won't let him

01;00;01;25 - 01;00;06;00

actually go on the mountain like they flew

around in a helicopter like all this.

01;00;06;01 - 01;00;09;00

Anyway, there's a little tidbit on that.

01;00;09;00 - 01;00;10;28

Yeah, pretty, pretty interesting.

01;00;10;28 - 01;00;16;03

So this next one is kind

like a not not a mystery where the body is

01;00;16;03 - 01;00;17;08

because it's presumed

01;00;17;08 - 01;00;22;07

to be in at least one of the two locations

that people think it is.

01;00;22;10 - 01;00;25;09

The tricky

part is that neither of the places

01;00;25;09 - 01;00;29;17

that holds the supposed remains will allow

anybody to test them to confirm.

01;00;29;23 - 01;00;31;16

So Christopher Columbus.

01;00;31;16 - 01;00;35;04

Yes, that guy,

the Italian explorer credited

01;00;35;04 - 01;00;40;18

with discovering the Americas

in: 1492

01;00;40;24 - 01;00;44;10

in Spain,

and initially he was buried where he died.

01;00;44;10 - 01;00;48;29

But then his son was like, no, he wanted

to live in the place where he found.

01;00;48;29 - 01;00;53;18

So he was moved to the Dominican Republic

and it moved his body move

01;00;53;23 - 01;00;58;27

several, several times,

moving back to Spain, then once again

01;00;59;03 - 01;01;02;11

back to the Dominican Republic

and eventually

01;01;02;11 - 01;01;08;09

it was eventually staying in supposedly

the Dominican Republic.

01;01;08;09 - 01;01;12;25

I know that during the Napoleonic Wars,

the French, when they invaded

01;01;12;25 - 01;01;16;27

Spain, here they were like,

we're going to move him again.

01;01;16;27 - 01;01;19;02

So they moved him one more time.

01;01;19;02 - 01;01;21;25

In: 1880

01;01;21;25 - 01;01;25;11

1877,

the Cathedral of Santa maria Lemonnier

01;01;25;11 - 01;01;29;07

in Santo Domingo, claimed to house

the remains of Christopher Columbus.

01;01;29;07 - 01;01;33;28

There's a mausoleum with LED box

with an inscription that claim that had,

01;01;34;00 - 01;01;37;02

you know, his name on it

and claimed to have his bones in it.

01;01;37;03 - 01;01;37;20

However,

01;01;37;20 - 01;01;41;23

there's been historical controversy

and debate over whether the true remains

01;01;42;00 - 01;01;45;17

belonged to Columbus In: 1992

01;01;45;19 - 01;01;49;00

and impressive monument

to Columbus was built for the 500 year

01;01;49;00 - 01;01;51;20

anniversary of his voyage,

the Columbus Lighthouse,

01;01;51;20 - 01;01;54;20

which is actually no longer a lighthouse

because

01;01;54;24 - 01;01;59;00

apparently the power required to make

it run would actually black out.

01;01;59;00 - 01;02;01;15

The town, which is kind of hilarious.

01;02;01;15 - 01;02;03;23

Is the place where he his

01;02;03;23 - 01;02;07;03

remains rest in the Americas anyway.

01;02;07;05 - 01;02;09;17

While the Seville

01;02;09;17 - 01;02;13;02

Cathedral in Spain claims

to have his remains for Europe

01;02;13;04 - 01;02;17;12

in: 2003

on the remains in Dominican Republic,

01;02;17;12 - 01;02;21;08

but they were inconclusive

and the mystery just continued to go.

01;02;21;14 - 01;02;23;11

You know, it was kind of crazy like that.

01;02;23;11 - 01;02;25;24

Both places are like,

no, we're not going to do it.

01;02;25;24 - 01;02;29;08

And I think that they're doing that

because both of them are scared

01;02;29;08 - 01;02;32;26

that they don't actually have them like

and we're not going to risk it.

01;02;32;26 - 01;02;34;18

We're just going to pretend

we got them still.

01;02;34;18 - 01;02;38;17

Anyway, moving to our last section

for Missing Graves, two mysterious objects

01;02;38;22 - 01;02;42;20

these objects might be known

for like known like how they worked, but

01;02;42;20 - 01;02;46;12

maybe not the reason why they were made

or the person who created them.

01;02;46;13 - 01;02;48;21

That entire thing is a mystery.

Potentially.

01;02;48;21 - 01;02;52;06

The first that comes to mind is,

of course, the void inch manuscript,

01;02;52;06 - 01;02;54;00

which we talked about in the Hoaxes

episode.

01;02;54;00 - 01;02;58;05

So I'm not going to go into more detail

here, but, you know, nobody does know

01;02;58;05 - 01;03;01;13

what happened or why it's there now

in research for this,

01;03;01;13 - 01;03;04;00

I did read on Reddit,

so take this with a grain of salt.

01;03;04;00 - 01;03;08;10

But this person, you know, had an idea

that I hadn't considered before

01;03;08;12 - 01;03;11;13

and had stated

that even though it was very well done

01;03;11;13 - 01;03;13;28

and professional

looking for the time it was created.

01;03;13;28 - 01;03;17;14

It could be the writings

of someone experiencing a psychotic break.

01;03;17;14 - 01;03;20;27

They describe patients that they work with

who have had similar issues

01;03;20;27 - 01;03;25;12

and that their writings and drawings

can often look very well done also.

01;03;25;12 - 01;03;28;02

So possibility

is not completely written off for me,

01;03;28;02 - 01;03;31;05

but we still don't know,

nor will we ever probably know.

01;03;31;05 - 01;03;35;11

The really interesting yet mysterious item

in the in history is the antique it

01;03;35;11 - 01;03;39;12

they are of antique it their mechanism

which is an ancient Greek analog

01;03;39;13 - 01;03;43;29

astronomy astronomical calculator

that dates back to the second century BCE.

01;03;43;29 - 01;03;48;02

It was discovered in Antigua Thera

a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek

01;03;48;02 - 01;03;51;18

d. This antique, it was about: 1901

01;03;51;23 - 01;03;53;01

The device is considered

01;03;53;01 - 01;03;56;27

one of the most significant

archeological finds in the 20th century.

01;03;56;27 - 01;03;59;04

The antique IT mechanism

01;03;59;04 - 01;04;02;26

was housed in a wooden box and consisted

of a complex arrangement of gears.

01;04;02;26 - 01;04;06;10

Mechanisms was designed

to track astronomical positions

01;04;06;10 - 01;04;10;21

and cycles, including movement

of the sun, moon plate and planets.

01;04;10;21 - 01;04;14;25

The device could also predict eclipses and

provide information about lunar phases.

01;04;14;25 - 01;04;18;02

The level of sophistication

displayed by the mechanism

01;04;18;02 - 01;04;22;01

was far beyond that of previous thought

to exist in ancient Greek technology.

01;04;22;01 - 01;04;25;04

Its intricate gears and dials

showcased a deep understanding

01;04;25;04 - 01;04;29;26

of celestial mechanics, and its purpose

was likely both scientific and educational

01;04;29;29 - 01;04;33;11

now, while the exact origins

and create the creators

01;04;33;11 - 01;04;37;16

of the mechanism remain uncertain,

or how many even ever existed,

01;04;37;18 - 01;04;40;04

it is believed to have been

a collaborative affair

01;04;40;04 - 01;04;43;00

involving skilled craftsmen, astronomers

and mathematicians.

01;04;43;00 - 01;04;45;05

Some theories

suggest that it might have been created

01;04;45;05 - 01;04;48;02

by ancient Greek scientist Archimedes

or his followers.

01;04;48;02 - 01;04;51;08

Now, there's been a lot of research

over the past the past century,

01;04;51;10 - 01;04;55;12

you know, decades of research and analysis

and advancement of imaging.

01;04;55;15 - 01;04;57;28

Yeah,

imaging technology have provided scholars

01;04;57;28 - 01;05;00;21

with better understanding

of how thing works.

01;05;00;21 - 01;05;01;07

You know, its

01;05;01;07 - 01;05;05;10

discovery has reshaped our understanding

of ancient Greek technological prowess

01;05;05;13 - 01;05;09;21

and the sophistication of their knowledge

in astronomy and mechanics.

01;05;09;21 - 01;05;12;21

So while they're anti the antica thera

01;05;12;23 - 01;05;15;17

mechanism is not completely mysterious

as it once was.

01;05;15;17 - 01;05;17;13

I still don't know who did it.

01;05;17;13 - 01;05;21;22

Now, the next one, the Baghdad battery

is still full of questions and confusion.

01;05;21;23 - 01;05;25;16

The Baghdad battery is an ancient artifact

that consists of a group of ceramic

01;05;25;16 - 01;05;29;16

posts and jars with a copper cylinder

and iron rod inside of it.

01;05;29;16 - 01;05;33;11

It was discovered in the vicinity

of Baghdad, Iraq, and is estimated to date

01;05;33;11 - 01;05;38;03

back to the Parthian or Sasanian period

01;05;38;03 - 01;05;43;05

BCE: 2224

01;05;43;11 - 01;05;46;13

The Baghdad battery gained attention

for its peculiar design,

01;05;46;13 - 01;05;49;14

leading to some researchers

to propose the theory

01;05;49;14 - 01;05;52;20

that it might have been used

as some primitive form of battery.

01;05;52;20 - 01;05;56;08

Basic construction resembles

that of a galvanic cell, a device

01;05;56;08 - 01;05;59;25

that can generate small electrical current

through chemical reaction.

01;05;59;25 - 01;06;02;29

We actually learned about that

in the Weird Experiments episode.

01;06;03;01 - 01;06;04;29

That's the frog guy, Luigi Galvani.

01;06;04;29 - 01;06;09;00

This, however, predates him

by almost: 2000

01;06;09;03 - 01;06;10;17

Each jar of the Baghdad battery

01;06;10;17 - 01;06;14;14

consists of a clay vessel with a stopper

made of asphalt inside the jar.

01;06;14;14 - 01;06;18;10

Copper cylinder surrounds an iron rod,

a components of the battery, copper,

01;06;18;10 - 01;06;22;05

iron in acidic or alkaline substance

could potentially create

01;06;22;05 - 01;06;26;04

a simple, electrochemical reaction

when filled with an electrolyte

01;06;26;04 - 01;06;29;13

such as vinegar or another acidic liquid.

01;06;29;13 - 01;06;31;00

The purpose of the Baghdad battery,

01;06;31;00 - 01;06;34;03

if it is indeed functioned

as the battery, remains

01;06;34;03 - 01;06;37;26

the subject of debate among historians

and archeologists, some hypotheses

01;06;37;26 - 01;06;42;11

suggest that it might have been used

for electroplating or medicinal purposes,

01;06;42;11 - 01;06;46;10

or even has as a religious object

for a lecture of electrotherapy.

01;06;46;12 - 01;06;50;13

However, the lack of conclusive evidence

and the scarcity of similar artifacts

01;06;50;13 - 01;06;55;08

from the same period make it challenging

to determine exactly what its purpose was.

01;06;55;10 - 01;06;57;15

Well, the battery theory is interesting.

01;06;57;15 - 01;07;00;27

Alternative explanations proposed

to the JAR serve different purposes,

01;07;00;27 - 01;07;05;27

such as storing sacred sacred skulls,

acting as a container for papyrus scrolls.

01;07;06;02 - 01;07;06;29

Those don't really make sense.

01;07;06;29 - 01;07;11;05

Like, why would you have

all the specific stuff like only works

01;07;11;05 - 01;07;16;04

in one specific order, works

specifically in one way together matter?

01;07;16;07 - 01;07;18;24

I don't I don't really know.

But it is interesting.

01;07;18;24 - 01;07;23;02

Some objects don't even have a specific

location or even one group of people.

01;07;23;05 - 01;07;26;28

There's been stone spheres characterized

by their near perfect roundness, scattered

01;07;26;28 - 01;07;29;11

all across different locations

around the world,

01;07;29;11 - 01;07;32;12

often linked to ancient cultures

and archeological mysteries,

01;07;32;12 - 01;07;36;25

notably the decree delta

in the eye of the eyelid that can Kano in

01;07;36;25 - 01;07;40;20

Costa Rica has one of the most famous

sets of the these artifacts.

01;07;40;20 - 01;07;44;17

The geographical distribution of the stone

spheres extends,

01;07;44;19 - 01;07;48;16

like I said, to diverse parts

of the globe, including us, Riga, Bosnia,

01;07;48;19 - 01;07;53;03

her ghost, her Herzegovina,

Mexico, New Zealand, Easter Island.

01;07;53;05 - 01;07;57;11

Nevertheless, Costa Rica specifically the

the decree

01;07;57;13 - 01;08;01;15

spheres crafted by the pre-Columbian

decree culture from 600

01;08;01;15 - 01;08;06;11

to: 1000

and extensive studied example.

01;08;06;11 - 01;08;09;19

These spheres exhibit varying

sizes ranging from a few centimeters

01;08;09;19 - 01;08;13;11

to over two meters in diameter,

typically crafted from igneous

01;08;13;11 - 01;08;18;19

rock like Verano de Grano

or I like Grenadier,

01;08;18;21 - 01;08;23;01

Grano Di or it or gabbro

typically crafted from igneous rock.

01;08;23;04 - 01;08;26;19

The manufacturing process of stone spheres

remains a subject of debate.

01;08;26;20 - 01;08;29;12

Theories

propose shaping by artisans using stone

01;08;29;12 - 01;08;32;11

or wooden tools

or employing abrasive materials like sand.

01;08;32;12 - 01;08;35;16

Despite this, the exact

purpose of these artifacts remains elusive

01;08;35;16 - 01;08;39;25

with conjectures ranging from religious

or astronomical significance

01;08;39;25 - 01;08;44;10

to functioning as markers

for important locations or status symbols.

01;08;44;11 - 01;08;49;02

These locations, these specific roles have

varied between cultures and locations.

01;08;49;07 - 01;08;52;15

Stone spheres are often

unearthed in archeological sites

01;08;52;15 - 01;08;56;07

where they may be arranged geometrically

or aligned with celestial events.

01;08;56;10 - 01;08;59;24

In Costa Rica, they are notably

like a scent associated with the decree.

01;08;59;24 - 01;09;00;12

Delta.

01;09;00;12 - 01;09;05;03

Indigenous people of Costa Rica attributed

cultural significance to these spheres,

01;09;05;03 - 01;09;09;16

considering them important entwined

with mystery and legends.

01;09;09;19 - 01;09;12;15

Despite persistent mystery

surrounding their purpose in creation,

01;09;12;15 - 01;09;16;08

ongoing research and archeological

investigations contribute to unravel

01;09;16;08 - 01;09;20;02

the cultural and historical significance

of the stone stone spheres,

01;09;20;05 - 01;09;22;28

not only in Costa Rica,

but all over these different places.

01;09;22;28 - 01;09;23;17

And that's it.

01;09;23;17 - 01;09;26;28

That's the list of today's mysteries.

01;09;27;01 - 01;09;29;21

There are plenty more, obviously,

there's a lot,

01;09;29;21 - 01;09;32;18

but I thought breaking up into categories

would make it more interesting

01;09;32;18 - 01;09;36;04

and also give me more to work

with down the road if I want to expand

01;09;36;04 - 01;09;39;14

on any of these or do another

or do another mystery episode,

01;09;39;17 - 01;09;42;23

some of the ones that will always leave me

scratching my head are the NASCAR lines.

01;09;42;23 - 01;09;44;21

I find that combination of the effort

01;09;44;21 - 01;09;47;13

needed to create them

and the unknown reason to do so.

01;09;47;13 - 01;09;49;14

Such a, you know, interesting task.

01;09;49;14 - 01;09;52;19

The missing graves are less crazy

just because of how much time has passed

01;09;52;19 - 01;09;54;16

for most of them, except Columbus.

01;09;54;16 - 01;09;55;21

They once that's pretty funny

01;09;55;21 - 01;09;59;21

that neither country wants to,

you know, have the test remains tested.

01;09;59;21 - 01;10;03;08

But Library of Alexandria,

I think, is, you know, number one

01;10;03;08 - 01;10;05;20

for just about anybody

who is a history nerd.

01;10;05;20 - 01;10;07;17

You know, what was lost is not known.

01;10;07;17 - 01;10;09;17

And that makes it just so much worse

01;10;09;17 - 01;10;13;04

as crazy to think that so many modern

construction sites are halted in Europe

01;10;13;04 - 01;10;16;18

because they'll dig in find

like Roman ruins underneath them.

01;10;16;23 - 01;10;20;08

And some point you got to assume

that they're all over the place and decide

01;10;20;08 - 01;10;23;28

if we should just stop building new stuff

or just ignore the really old stuff in.

01;10;23;28 - 01;10;25;22

Some of these, you know, places,

I don't know.

01;10;25;22 - 01;10;26;24

It's hard because you don't know

01;10;26;24 - 01;10;30;22

the significance of it until you fully,

you know, investigate anyway.

01;10;30;25 - 01;10;34;24

I think a general interest of the cases

like Jimmy Hoffa or JonBenet Ramsey

01;10;34;24 - 01;10;35;11

or D.B.

01;10;35;11 - 01;10;38;13

Cooper are probably pretty high

in the United States.

01;10;38;13 - 01;10;42;15

But unfortunately for many of the ancient

mysteries, we will not know more

01;10;42;15 - 01;10;44;24

until the sands of time

us. More information.

01;10;44;24 - 01;10;48;14

I know the Dyatlov Pass one is one

I would like to dive into further

01;10;48;14 - 01;10;49;01

for sure.

01;10;49;01 - 01;10;52;08

But if there were any episode,

any in the episode that you found deserved

01;10;52;08 - 01;10;55;10

more air time that you'd like me

to discuss and dive into,

01;10;55;10 - 01;10;58;14

let me know, comment, Facebook, email me

all of those things.

01;10;58;14 - 01;11;00;28

With that,

I'm out of mysteries for the week.

01;11;00;28 - 01;11;03;09

What I do know is what will be discussed

next week.

01;11;03;09 - 01;11;05;16

Next week will be the internment

01;11;05;16 - 01;11;09;10

camps during World War Two,

specifically those in the United States.

01;11;09;10 - 01;11;11;08

I'll be covering the action up

until that point

01;11;11;08 - 01;11;14;12

and then describing why they were enacted,

who was the target,

01;11;14;20 - 01;11;17;18

you know, targeted people

and what happened within them,

01;11;17;18 - 01;11;21;18

as well as the fall out of the people

and the camps afterwards.

01;11;21;18 - 01;11;23;28

They can support one to do,

especially around Veterans Day,

01;11;23;28 - 01;11;24;29

because I think it's

01;11;24;29 - 01;11;28;02

you know, when we look back on the

a lot of the United States history,

01;11;28;08 - 01;11;31;20

military action, it's very easy

to paint ourselves as pure in intention.

01;11;31;20 - 01;11;33;29

But We didn't always act

with that in mind.

01;11;33;29 - 01;11;37;04

So showcasing some of the less

pretty sides of that, I think

01;11;37;04 - 01;11;40;16

is a good way to understand our history

in a more authentic way.

01;11;40;17 - 01;11;43;09

And the topic is listeners suggested.

01;11;43;09 - 01;11;46;20

So if you have an idea

that you'd want me to talk about

01;11;46;20 - 01;11;50;17

on the show, please

email me Remedial scholar at gmail.com.

01;11;50;23 - 01;11;52;12

All one word lowercase.

01;11;52;12 - 01;11;55;02

No at the beginning,

no podcast in that either.

01;11;55;02 - 01;11;58;02

Just remedial scholar at gmail.com.

01;11;58;08 - 01;12;00;26

And don't forget to share us

with your friends.

01;12;00;26 - 01;12;02;10

Follow us on all the socials.

01;12;02;10 - 01;12;05;29

Tell your friends I'm updating YouTube

so hopefully that will be rolling

01;12;05;29 - 01;12;06;18

better now.

01;12;06;18 - 01;12;09;28

I fell behind with it

and everything was just this is not

01;12;10;00 - 01;12;12;05

I was just not giving attention

it deserved.

01;12;12;05 - 01;12;15;25

So anyway, you can leave the comments

there on Facebook, Instagram.

01;12;16;02 - 01;12;17;20

Like I said, share it with your friends.

01;12;17;20 - 01;12;20;07

Most importantly,

stay curious. Thank you. Bye.